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Trauma - Adverse Childhood Experiences, Physical abuse (Michael), https…
Trauma - Adverse Childhood Experiences
Abuse
Teen Dating Violence
(Ana Lee)
Teen Dating Violence
is an Adverse Childhood Experience that can take place in person, online or through technology. It can include the following types of behavior:
Types of Behavior in TDV
Physical Violence
- hurting or trying to hurt a partner by hitting, kicking, punching, choking or using a weapon.
Sexual Violence
- forcing a partner to take part in any sexual activity or act that was unwanted or done without consent.
Psychological Aggression
- using verbal and non-verbal communication to harm or control a partner mentally and emotionally.
Stalking
- unwanted following or watching of a partner or former partner. It causes fear and safety concerns in the victim.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022. Violence Prevention. [online] [Accessed 4 June 2022].
Examples of Teen Dating Violence and survivor stories
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFpmB571fqE
Consequences and Prevention
Teen Dating Violence results in higher rates of depression, anxiety, substance use, teen pregnancy, risky sexual behavior, eating disorders, and suicidal thoughts. These negative effects affect school performance.
Studies show that students who go through a school-based dating violence prevention program are more likely to recognize abusive behaviors in a partner.
School-based programs are effective because:
All students in a class or school are given the prevention program regardless of risk.
Students, teachers, and parents can talk about the signs of abusive partners in a relatively confined space.
Schools have access to counselors, social workers, and nurses who, with appropriate training, can help young victims of violence.
The Need for School-Based Teen Dating Violence Prevention. 2013.[online] [Accessed 4 June 2022]
Preventing Teen Dating Violence from the Inside Out
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iwuy5UZy3Gw
Situations
Doing poorly in school
Students in an abusive relationship are more likely to get Cs or Ds and are 25% more likely to drop out of school. If you suspect a student is in an abusive relationship, communicate with the student and let them know you are willing to hear their perspective. Let them know they are not alone.
Educators as Bystanders: Recognizing and Responding to Teen Dating Violence [online] [Accessed 4 June 2022]
Not attending school due to feeling unsafe
It is possible a partner or former partner is stalking the student. Talk to the student and let them know you are an adult they can trust. Creating a safe environment at school and making sure the students feel safe is a top priority.
Ozaki, Reiko. PREVENTING DATING VIOLENCE, SEXUAL VIOLENCE, AND STALKING
IN HIGH SCHOOLS. 2020
Isolating themselves and spending less time with friends
1.Try to investigate the problem.
2.Act immediately if you notice any bullying issues.
3.Talk to the student and help them build friendships and healthy relationships.
4.Create opportunities to get the student involved in activities with their peers.
5.Organize a lunch or an activity the students can do together.
Gordon, Sherri. 5 Ways Teachers Can Help Socially Isolated Students. very well family. 2020 [online] [Accessed 4 June 2022]
Expressing stress or anxiety about the relationship
Teachers should be able to recognize red flag behaviors in order to prevent and end dating abuse. Be sure to notice any physical injuries or other warning signs. Talk to the student in neutral language and point out why some behaviors are concerning. Ask the students questions like "What makes a healthy relationship?" "What do you want in a relationship?"
Educators as Bystanders: Recognizing and Responding to Teen Dating Violence [online] [Accessed 4 June 2022]
Bullying (Darren Lau)
There are many different forms of bullying but the main ones seems to be traditional bullying and cyberbullying.
Traditional Bullying
This can often occur due to peer pressure from friends. Same as cyberbullying. The effects are similar as well. Could lead to thoughts of suicide and self-harm
Schoolwide recongnition and adjustment could be required to build steps towards stopping bullying
We need to identify 'hot spots' of bullying and have more support in those areas
Cyberbullying
It can happen because of peer pressure from friends
People sometimes see online as not real so they will post things that they normally wouldn't say
Cyberbullying can lead to thoughts of suicide and self-harm
Here is a great website that lists ways to deal with cyberbullying. The main takeaways are to offer support and to ensure the child's safety. As well as educating children about privacy and respect for others and themselves.
Cyberbullying and how to deal with it
Resources
Bullying Info and Prevention
https://youtu.be/bcbxWtE8qrA
Bully Prevention Hub
This website is actually only so-so as it has conflicting ideas with most of the other websites that I've encountered. One of the biggest problems is that even though it is a hub for articles, it seems more for conflict resolution instead of bullying. Incorrectly labeling conflict for bullying is a serious mistake as these are two very different things. They do have a really good article about the
mean girl framwork
. This article talks about stereotyping girls and gender norms in an interesting way that is good to learn.
How to Deal with Teacher Bullies
We often only think of students bullying each other but there are cases where students are being bullied by teachers and is usually overlooked. This website has great tips for parents on how to deal with this situation. The most important fact is to keep esculating the situation until it is appropriately handled and to document everything.
Guidelines for Teachers in Regards to Bullying
This a great reference for the what to do's and do not's. Major takeaways from this website are:
Stop the bullying immedietely
Impose immediate consequences
Inform school leadership and parents
Don't use group treatment for bullying as it can worsen the situation with cult attitudes
Neglect
Physical Neglect (Jana)
The impact of physical neglect can be seen far beyond the home. Both external and internal factors can be seen when a student is suffering from physical neglect. Neglect is often connected to abuse.
Why should physical neglect be a concern?
First of all, there is a correlation between child abuse and physical neglect. Around 59% of child abuse victims experience some form of neglect. Educators are legally responsible for reporting abuse when they suspect it, and signs of neglect often point to abuse.
This website provides comprehensive information on neglect and its effects on public education
How to address physical neglect as a teacher:
Know and watch for symptoms/effects of neglect
poor appearance and hygiene
weight loss or signs of malnourishment
acting clingy or aggressive
Behaving withdrawn
Source
Responding appropriately if a student discloses information
Supporting the student and their healing process
Source
Responses
If a student discloses a neglectful situation at home, do not act shocked.
Source
Provide multiple avenues for students to express themselves
Be empathetic to all students
Alert authorities if a student's needs at home seems to be neglected
Emotional Neglect (Charlie) A lack of attentiveness to a child's emotional and developmental needs
The Science of Neglect - A video made by Harvard University's Center on the Developing Child
Link Title
Effects
Low Self Esteem
Perfectionism
Feeling Hollow Inside
Sensitivity to Rejection
Agression
Source
Responses
Understand behaviors before punishing - If a neglected child is acting out in class, analyze why instead of punishing
Identify needs that need to be met - neglected children are missing emotional needs. These needs should be identified and then met.
Interact with children at their emotional age - neglected children can have developmental delays
Be consistent, predictable, repetitive - emotionally starved children will benefit from routine and set procedures
Listen and talk - be emotionally available to the student in question
Teach about feelings - help the student navigate emotions and healthy ways to express them
Source
How to recognize and overcome childhood
neglect
Household Dysfunction
Household Substance Abuse (Richard Trevithick)
Understanding the Diverse Needs of Children whose Parents Abuse Substances
Parents abusing alcohol or drugs in the home can lead to physical and emotional neglect of their children. Addiction can cause a child to feel confused and unloved by someone they love and care about.
The Right Step. 2022.
Symptoms of Children with Parents Who Abuse Drugs
. 6/4/2022. Promises Behavioral Health.
Poor hygiene - dirty, unwashed clothing or hair, skin infections
How to Deal With Student Hygiene Issue
Find ways of providing hygiene products - soap, wash cloth, tooth brush and tooth paste, spare clothes - for the student to use when they get to school (could be donations, school budget, school nurse)
Educate the whole class about good hygiene practices they can do themselves, and the importance of maintaining good hygiene. Collaborate with school nurse and PE teachers to find appropriate resources.
Document and record instances of poor hygiene or untreated medical conditions noticed in the classroom. This may be important in getting the student and their family support from the appropriate authorities.
Absenteeism & Lateness - caused by tiredness, lack of morning household routine, or student having to care for siblings or parents
How to Best Help a Chronically Late or Absent Student
Clearly communicate expectations about attendance to the student. Could provide them with a paper timetable or help them set-up a scheduling/calendar app on their phone.
Ask the student what is causing them to be late or absent - caring for parents or siblings, employment - look for solutions. Contact parents and offer services the school can provide, such as school bus pick-up.
Provide the student with a catch-up binder of work they are missing. Could also use online tools to help student stay up to date with school work. Collaborate with student to make time during the school day to catch up on work.
Tiredness - sleeping in class / memory or cognition problems - caused by irregular bed-times.
How to Keep Classroom Sleepers Awake
Include physical role-play simulations where students must stand and interact with one another.
Create chat stations in the classroom where student have to stand and discuss an item or prompt. Student rotate through the classroom and switch partners.
Have short physical challenges or activities that all students can actively participate in. This could include passing a balloon, dance battle, or balancing objects.
Ensure the classroom is well-light (natural lighting) and well ventilated with fresh air.
Emotional Behavioral Disorders - Oppositional behavior, conduct problems, aggression - reactions to parental neglect or conflicted emotions.
Provide student with clear positive classroom norms and expectations and consistent consequences for behavior. Build a relationship with the student. Create engaging lessons with differentiated instruction.
Practice conflict resolution with empathetic listening, and compromise. Use humor to diffuse conflict in the classroom.
Use positive reward systems such as tokens or points. Create a safe physical classroom environment.
Teach student to self-monitor behavior in class. Collaborate with the student to set goals for target behavior.
Practice social skills such as sharing, showing sympathy, and making eye contact. Plan lessons which allow student to use these behaviors.
Violence In and Out of the Household (Darren Lau)
Violence and trauma at home can be devastating for children. Often times, the school is the only safe place for children. To address children's needs we first must learn what trauma, especially violence in the home and out of the home does to children.
Ways to address the issue
Building relationships with the children is important so that we can intervene immediately. A lot of children hide their feelings and pain so well that its hard to know when and if something has happened. Instead of asking what's wrong wtih you its better to ask what happened to you.
Violence and Trauma
We can setup a plan with the parent and have them assist us in carrying out this plan.
Teachers are not guidence councilors but it is important to know how to tackle these issues to give the best environment for learning to happen.
CBITS Homepage
This is a great program for children that can help with intervention and learning how to deal with trauma.
Coaching Boys into Men
This seems like a great resource for learning more about teachable moments. Oftentimes bullying is associated with violence and can lead one to the other. This is another program that helps identify more teaching moments not just in the classroom.
Why we need to care?
Academic success and academic engagement relies on how we address trauma. There are clear links and correlations that show that success and engagement go up when issues like these are being assisted with. If a student's only repreave is at school then it is our jobs to teach beyond the textbook.
Household mental illness (Michael)
Mental illness at home can often lead to the child becoming at home. This can lead to adverse affects on the students health, wellbeing, and academic success.
young carer
symptoms- for more symptoms you can access this link:
young carers quiz
Fatigue- students are often fatigued. there are numerous reasons for this i.e. having to do the housework, look after siblings, taking on anxiety and depression.
'people pleaser'- the student wouldn't want to add pressure on to their home life, thus do their best to relieve this pressure. This can be displayed in ways such as being overly apologetic.
Homework is often not done or done late.
Overly mature- Students who need to take care of adults at home may need to grow up quicker as they will take on the responsibilities, which the caregiver would normally take on.
academic performance- the students academic performance may decrease as they have less free time and lack of parental involvement.
The student may have poor behaviour in class.
The student may miss school and be late to school.
School interventions-
school can adopt SWPBS (student-wide positive support framework) to help these students.
SWPBS
is a 'multi-tiered system' which focuses on improving different areas of a students school life. The main drive of this is for 'teachers and students have more time to focus on relationships and classroom instruction'
Schools can adopt an
SSG- student support group
Which is to support students with different learning needs. This requires the learning community to be in communication with each-other to help the student with their education.
Schools should develop an
IEP- individual educational plan.
The purpose of this is to help students become engaged in the classroom and help them move forward on their academic journey.
Schools can also offer mental health support and contact outreach services to evaluate the students home life.
Parental Separation and Divorce - Charlie
Potential Effects
Difficulty concentrating on school work
Frequent crying or emotional distress
Lack of interest in fun activities
Separation Anxiety
Increased aggression or conflict with classmates
Negativity or cynicism
Response Strategies
Provide Consistency and Structure - Divorce causes a massive change in children's lives; creating a classroom environment that is predictable, consistent, welcoming, and with clear expectations and procedures will help a child cope with whatever is going on at home.
Validate their feelings, and let them know that they are cared for
Give them ample opportunities to succeed
Help students understand their parents' divorce -- Remind them that it is not their fault and that they did not cause it, but also that they cannot control or solve it.
Encourage both parents to keep their child's best interest in mind. Discourage them from using negative language to describe the other parent in front of their child.
Communicate with all of the adults in the child's life about their strengths as well as any problems that might arise early on.
Teach all students how to recognize, name, and scale their emotions so that they are better equipped to deal with them
Sources
NYU - The impact of divorce on school aged children
Info for educators on helping students dealing with divorce
Ted Talk - The impact of divorce on children
Witnessing domestic violence (Jana)
Even though a child may not be abused, watching a family member (parent, sibling, etc.) be abused may be just as traumatizing.
A video about the effects of witnessing domestic violence
Symptoms/effects:
Depression
Inability to enjoy activities
Unwillingness to participate in school
Acting out and hurting classmates
Acting withdrawn
Responses:
Early intervention--the adults being proactive in identifying the issue
Collaboration across teachers and admin
Teachers building trust is vitally important--a student may not trust anyone in the home so the teacher may be the only trusted adult.
Support being given to teachers in regards to having resources and training is very important as well
Teachers practicing empathy in the classroom--not being quick to judge a child's behavior because we never know what's happening behind closed doors.
Source
Adverse Community Environment
Natural Disaster / War (Richard Trevithick)
Impact of War on Children and Imperative to End War
Exposure to terrifying situations, the loss of loved ones, physical injury or disability, and social marginalization can result in a child suffering from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).
2022.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children
. 6/3/2022. Stanford Children's Health.
Nervous, jittery, or guarded behavior caused by anxiety.
Calming Strategies for the Classroom
Allow student to use a mindfulness meditation app during class - such as Smiling Mind - as a way of feeling calm and managing anxiety.
Smiling Mind
Have a designated space for student to clam down and relax - separate from the rest of the classroom and has pillows, books, and headphones with calming music.
Allow the student to choose independent work such as journal writing, silent reading, or hand-writing practice. It will give them a chance to take a break from interacting with others and focus their mind on their work.
Immature behavior - thumb-sucking, inappropriate crying, daytime wetting.
So a student cried in class? Here are 11 approaches to take
/ What to do if your potty-trained child keeps having accidents
Allow student to use a fidget toy in class (as an alternative to thumb-sucking).
Don't draw attention to the student - this only increases stress and anxiety. Allow them to take break outside of the classroom - visit the bathroom or drink water (crying).
Have a regular bathroom schedule for student - every 2 hours - and allow them to use the bathroom when needed (daytime wetting).
Talk to the student about ways to make class feel less stressful and overwhelming for them - triggers that can cause crying.
Detached, unresponsive, or unfocused behavior caused by depression.
Depression Factsheet (for Schools)
Plan diverse activities where the student can feel successful - such as games or puzzles - this can help boost self-esteem.
Have a range of group activities where all members must contribute - jigsaw method - to help the student feel valuable and included in their classroom community.
Plan regular physical activity so all students can feel energized.
Be flexible and give them extra time for assignments and homework. Allow them to work with a trusted peer.
Aggression or violence towards classmates/teacher.
Dealing with Threats or Violent Behaviors from Students with IEPs
Listen to student grievances with empathy. Mirror or paraphrase student communication and describe or identify emotions related to the anger or violence.
De-escalate the situation by acknowledging the student's anger. Speak softly, don't point fingers or shout. Find ways to change the subject by asking the student questions.
Modelling, rewards, guidance, and mentoring, can reinforce positive behavior in the classroom.
Collect data and record violent or agressive incidents. This will clearly define the bahavior and help identify triggers. This can be used to develop a BIP or IEP for the student.
Racism / Sexism or other discrimination (Hongyan Xie)
Solutions
Screen routinely for trauma exposure and symptoms.
Implement culturally appropriate, evidence-based assessments and treatments for traumatic stress and symptoms
Provide resources to children, families, and providers on trauma, its impact, and treatment options.
Build on the strengths of children and families impacted by trauma.
Address parent and caregiver trauma.
Collaborate across child-serving systems to coordinate care.
Support staff by minimizing and treating secondary traumatic stress, which can lead to burnout.
Try to stay calm, for their sake. Having a strong reaction, although completely natural, could cause them to stop talking, or recant their disclosure due to shame or fear.
Don’t try to be the detective; be their support system. Let the professionals ask the questions about what, when, and how. Asking questions could jeopardize the investigation and defense attorneys could discredit their testimony if they were asked “leading” questions about the abuse.
Be a listening ear and provide support the way you know how. Your child trusts you with this information for a reason and they feel safe telling you.
If the child has been holding on to this abuse for a long time, they may need to “let it all out.” Let them talk as much as they want to alleviate that burden.
Situations and symptoms
Systermatic racism
lack of access to healthcare
lack of equal educational opportunities
being treated differently in similar situations by authority officials
corporations and companies with overwhelmingly white leadership
microaggrations
praising a person of color’s English accent or intelligence
a refusal to acknowledge racism and its harmful impacts
TV shows with a primarily white cast
Sexual trauma
hanges in sleep pattern (more, less, frequent waking, nightmares, etc.)
Changes in social behavior or friend group
Changes in hygiene
Poor concentration
Changes in school or work performance
Changes in mood (depressed, flat or numb, irritable, cries easily, etc.)
Engaging in self-injurious behaviors.
Experimenting with substances
Sexually acting out by children (provocative language/body language, or imitating sexual acts)
Individual racism:
hate crimes
racist slurs
blatant discrimination, such as refusing a service
Being Homeless
(Ana Lee)
Homeless students do not have a fixed home and often live in shelters, cars, bus stations, motels, or other places. For these students, the classroom might be the one stable place they visit in their everyday lives. Their learning is affected in many different ways.
Understanding the Challenges Faced by Homeless Students: What Educators Can Do to Help. 2021
Supporting Students Experiencing Homelessness
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=srGzOoBqqe0
Situations
Lack of Supplies
If students cannot afford lunch, it is highly likely they cannot buy school supplies either. Lack of school supplies should not be a reason for students to fall behind. If we all could donate basic supplies to schools, that could make a difference. Basic supplies homeless students need are:
pens and pencils
notebooks
backpacks
clothes & uniforms
color pencils
calculators
Educational Challenges for Children Facing Homelessness
Academic Challenges
Many of these students move from school to school. It is tough to be the new kid at school multiple times in a year. It is causes stress and anxiety. Homeless children live in poverty, which means, some of them have limited access to healthy and balanced meals. If students are not properly nourished, they cannot learn properly. It is hard to concentrate with an empty stomach. Free school-provided meals can make a big difference.
Understanding the Hunger Issue Among Homeless Children
Students have a harder time making friends at school
Homeless students face social and behavioral problems because they do not have a fixed home. This can cause deep anxiety. They have a harder time making friends because they cannot see their friends outside of school. Having after school programs or sports clubs could help them develop better relationships with children their same age.
Educational Challenges for Children Facing Homelessness
Physical and Mental Health Problems
Poverty has been linked to mental and health problems of homeless children. These children are at a higher risk of poor health. They are more likely to suffer from chronic illnesses, asthma, and obesity. The stress and anxiety caused by being homeless could also lead to depression, substance use, and aggressive behavior.
Many homeless families do report their situation because they are afraid their children will be taken away, but because of this, they are not able to get the support they need.
What do we know about the impact of homelessness and housing instability on child welfare-involved families?
How to identify homeless students:
Students wear the same clothes everyday and they are not clean
Bad personal hygiene, hasn't had a shower, bath or haircut
Holding on to food given at school
Having medical or dental issues that are not treated
Being late or absent often
Not completing homework on time or not doing it at all
Changing schools often
Talking about not wanting to go home
Parents are difficult or impossible to reach
Understanding the Challenges Faced by Homeless Students: What Educators Can Do to Help. 2021
Physical abuse (Michael)
social withdrawal
Students who experience abuse at home may become socially withdrawn from the class and the teacher. The teacher can help the student by creating a warm class environment, create a support network for the student, and discussing with other teachers if these signs have been noticed.
eating issues
Body dysmorphia may develop due to physical abuse. The student may develop eating disorders. The teacher may recognise this from the amount the student eats during snack time and lunchtime. It is important for the teacher to not directly accuse the student of not eating their food as it may lead to the student losing confidence to confide in the teacher. It is important for the teacher to develop a report with the student and not ask any leading or judgemental questions, when trying to discuss the topic with the student.
poor concentration-
physical abuse can lead to the student having poor concentration. The physical abuse can hinder the child's ability to concentrate in class and may need additional support
The teacher can help the child in class by adding more non-verbal instructions, this is to help the kid understand instructions as they might find it difficult to follow verbal instructions.
decreased school performance- physical abuse has adverse affects on a student's academic performance as the stress from the abuse can have a negative effect on the brain.
the effect of corporal punishment on academic development.
Get appropriate services to reach out to the parents on different ways to give alternative alternative punishment techniques.
Find out from other teachers if the student's grades has decreased in other subject areas.
Talk to the student to find out why they have lost motivation. Do not use leading questions. Make sure the student is telling you the information from their own terms. Do this in a warm and non-threatening environment.
there are lots of different signs of a child being physical abused. This can include: bruises, burns, broken bones, scarring. etc. However, not all physical abuse is visible such as headaches and abdominal pain. Therefore, there are different symptoms of physical abuse that can be recognised in the classroom and is important for teachers to look for when assessing a child's safety.
Signs of abuse
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-13ovDDq8jw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVg2bfqblGI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wKDjfPMek3k