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ethnicity, gender, age and class with religion - Coggle Diagram
ethnicity, gender, age and class with religion
gender
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gender role socialisation = Hoffman
- claims that women are closer to God as they are involved with the creation of life,
- women are socialised into values such as compassion and empathy which are compatible with religious belief,
- women also worry about not being religious more compared to men,
- religion provides identity for women as they traditionally have low status.
wanting to be see as a good mother =
- Greely argues that young women are not interested in religion until they have a child which then changes their outlook, they feel to be a goof mother they need to raise their child with a good sense of morality and ethics
new age movements = Glock - increase of women patricipation in new religious movements due to three types of deprivation
- social and economic deprivation- lack of status in society such as employment
- ethical deprivation - the moral decline in society and therefore some women want traditionalism and core values they can relate to
- organismic deprivation - women are more concerned about their health than men and seek comfort and healing in religion
evaluation = Woodhead - these explanations are dated, due to the changes of women position in society the way they engage with religion has changed as a consequence there are three types of women in religion
- home centred = stay at home rater than work they conform to conservative norm values
- work centred = women who work full time they are more likely to be secular as they don't have time for religion
- jugglers - women who balance work life and family life, may still seek spiritual expierneces or guidance
age
Trends with religion and age = Bierly the only age group to show a rise in church attendance is 65+, since the 1980s the number of under 15s attending church as halved and its suggested by 2025 the number of under 15s attending church will be 2.5%
Why are the elderly are religious - Voas,
- the ageing affect = as people come closer to the end of their life their interest in religion increases maybe due to a growing concern into the after life and to seek forgiveness for pasts sins
- the generational affect = may be more religious due to their upbringing, more likely to suffer from poverty and lives through WW2.
Why are the young less religious - Beckford
- its is increasingly unlikely for parents to pass on their religion also Sundays schools which were wide spread in the 1950s are now rare as well as an increase in interfaith so parents have different relgions
- church is boring = Bierly found that 87% of 10-14 year olds found church boring and old fashioned, they felt that the traditional teachings didn't relate to their lives
- increasing individualisation = Collins suggests that religion has become more of a personal choice rather than an expectation that is thrust upon the youth of society , religious schools tend to focus now on more of the moral message of the religion over the religious teachings themself,
ethnicity
research suggests that ethnic minorities are more likely to engage in religion and religious activity
EVIDENCE = O'Beirne suggests that ethnic minorities tend to see religion as a central element of their identity. Muslims and African carribean cultures ranked religion higher than white british
EVIDENCE = official statistics with white British people who affiliate with Christianity only 32% actively participate compared to 80% of muslims
EVIDENCE = the 2011 census black people make up 3% of the general population but 10% of church attendance
declining attendance - Modood suggests there is a decline in ethnic groups own the UK, he argues that the more generations within a community the lower their rate of religious participation.
reasons why ethnic minorities are more religious
- cultural defence = Bruce, religion can be used as a way to unite a community against change or hostility from a wider society.
- cultural transitions = Bruce also suggests that religion may used used as a cultural transition fuction to help them assimilate into British society , places of worship act as a communal meeting ground for people from the same background or ethnicity
- functionalists = believe tat ethnic minrotiries intergrate into their society by adopting the key elements of the value consensus of the community
- marxists = many Em tend to be WC, they argue that they are more likely to be attracted to religion as it helps them justify and understand their inequality.
class
Marx- according to Marx the main aim of religion is to befit the capitalist system, he argued that religion provides the impression of equality to the proletariats and that their oppression is justified. He argues this in the 'opium of the people' Weber argued that religion attracts the poor as religion suggests their struggle of poverty from God will reward them in the after life.
Lifelong theists = Lawes argued that poor people are more likely to be lifelong theists meaning they will believe in God for all of their life, however this may be skewed by ethnicity as many wc ethnic minorities are more religious than white wc. life long atheists are a small number but tend to be those who have a higher education
church attendance = church attendance figures tend to conflict with trends of religious belief, churches in urban Mc areas have more attendance than this in poorer Wc areas. those who depend on state benefits are the least likely to attend church, YouGoc statistics state that 62% of church attendance was by MC people.
the relationship between class and religious organisations = research suggest that MC people are more likely to be attached to traditional churches whereas wc people are more likely to be attracted to more new religious movements such as Pentecostalism. Davie suggests that WC are more likely to mistrust the traditional religious systems because they associate it with authority, the establishment and royalty. They are attracted to more new age movements are they are seen to be less judgemental and pride practical solutions to their circumstances