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biology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Enzymes are specific to substrates as they have an active site which only allow certain substrates to bind to the active site. This is due to the shape of the active site and any other substrates cannot bind to the active site.
    - - the shape of the active site matches the shape of its substrate molecules. This makes enzymes highly specific – each type of enzyme can catalyse only one type of reaction (or just a few types of reactions).
        
        If enzymes are exposed to extremes of pH or high temperatures the shape of their active site may change. If this happens then the substrate will no longer fit into the enzyme.
- - - - sperm cells have a streamlined head which allows them to swim faster toward the egg they have an acrosome (a layer of digestive enzymes above their head) which allows them to break down the outside layer of the egg.
      - sperm cells have an elongated body to fit a lot of mitochondria so they have enough energy to reach the egg.
      - sperm cells have a flagellum so they can swim very fast towards the egg
      - sperm
      - sperm cells have a haploid nucleus (only 23 chromosomes) this allows them to share half of the male's DNA and half of the females
    - - Size of the egg: allows more space for nutrients to be stored inside the cell.
      - sperm cells have a haploid nucleus (only 23 chromosomes) this allows them to share half of the male's DNA and half of the females
      - Cell membrane: changes after fertilisation so no more sperm can enter the egg.
      - Cytoplasm: contains nutrients to support the developing embryo.
    - - Ciliated cells are adapted in the respiratory tract to form an epithelial lining of coordinated metachronal ciliary activity that provides the propelling force for the transport of mucus along the airways
  - - - the cell grows, replicates its chromosomes, and prepares for cell division
    - - the cells genetic DNA condenses, spindle fibers begin to form and the nuclear envelope dissolves.
    - - chromosomes line up along the centre of the cell
    - - the chromosomes are pulled to each side of the cell and sorted
    - - the nucleus from around the chromosomes and they sort themselves into pairs.
    - - Cytokinesis is the physical process that finally splits the parent cell into two identical daughter cells.
    - - it's fast
      - don't develop any genetic disorders
      - don't need a mate
    - - cancer cells are produced by an rapid uncontrollable growth of a cancer cell
  - - - Specialised animal cells include red blood cells, sperm, eggs, nerve cells, muscle cells, ciliated cells, and villi.
- - - - A plasmid is a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell's chromosomal DNA. Plasmids naturally exist in bacterial cells, and they also occur in some eukaryotes. Often, the genes carried in plasmids provide bacteria with genetic advantages, such as antibiotic resistance.
    - - Ribosomes are microscopic "factories" found in all cells, including bacteria. They translate the genetic code from the molecular language of nucleic acid to that of amino acids—the building blocks of proteins. Proteins are the molecules that perform all the functions of cells and living organisms.
    - - The cytoplasm, or protoplasm, of bacterial cells is where the functions for cell growth, metabolism, and replication are carried out. It is a gel-like matrix composed of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases and contains cell structures such as ribosomes, a chromosome, and plasmids.
    - - Image result for cell wall in bacterial cell
        The cell wall has multiple functions during bacterial growth, including maintaining bacterial cell integrity and shape as well as resisting internal turgor pressure. Furthermore, it must remain flexible to accommodate the remodeling that is required for cell division and growth.
    - - Flagella are long, thin, whip-like appendages attached to a bacterial cell that allow for bacterial movement. Some bacteria have a single flagellum, while others have many flagella surrounding the entire cell.
- - - - restriction enzymes
        
        they cut out the gene that is needed like the gene for making insulin.
      - ligase
        
        ligase cuts open the vector which is usually plasmids and then matches up the sticky ends.
      - the bactecteria is then cut open
      - it is then placed into the bacteria when the bacteria goes through mitosis the gene produces the desired gene is produced lots and then taken out and put back into the human.