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Theoretical framework, National Circumstances of Malaysia, Climate change…
Theoretical framework
Framing
Four-class typology of climate change frames
Media as a forum for policy discourse
Ideology
Social constructionism
Journalistic frames
National Circumstances of Malaysia
Politics
Forestry
Palm oil
Us vs them, green nationalism mindset
Silence on 6 million hectares limit transgression.
Peatland conversion
Illegal logging
REDD plus
Elite capture, land distribution in the hands of the few
Reinforcement of injustices
Federal - State conflict
Weaknesses of state governments to enforce quotas, combat corruption and protect against illegal logging
Gazetting for carbon reduction vs real reduction
50% forest cover figure
Only 13% totally protected forest in reality
'Sustainable Forest Management' practices or logging is still allowed in permanent forest reserves.
Some plantation lands count as forests.
Data uncertainty
Degradation of permanent forests.
Development and conversion
Degazetting doesn't require public notice and is easier than gazetting
Haze
Flood
Political fragmentation
Limited government capacity
Federal-state friction
Carbon lock-in
Increased investments in new coal and gas plants
Makes RE cost prohibitive
Heavy subsidizing of fossil fuels instead of renewables
Stability and reinforcement of power systems prioritised over radical change
'Green growth' strategy
SEDA and RE
Quota contentions
Media
Low level of press freedom
Elite indexing
Lack of capacity
Close relationship with industry
Liberal media platforms CSO voices
Conservative media platforms DK voices
Industries
Petronas
TNB
FELDA
Operation emissions vs Scope 3 emissions (emissions from use of products)
Greenwashing
Polluting industries enable Malaysia’s goal of reaching high income developed status by 2020, and economic concerns take precedence over environmental priorities
Proton
Malaysia’s domestic car companies, particularly Proton, and state oil company Petronas instilled strong sense of national pride in car ownership, making it difficult to shift riders to public transport.
Public
High regard for Petronas
Lack of knowledge
Lack of political pressure
Climate change in Malaysia
Problem
Haze
Food security
Sea level rise
Flooding
Droughts
Solution
Motivation
Cause
Petronas
Palm oil
Deforestation
REDD+
Elite capture, land distribution in the hands of the few