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EASE 4 Materials - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Immovable joints
        
        connected by fibrous tissue
        
        skull and tooth & its socket
    - - Slightly movable joints
        
        connected by cartilages
        
        backbone and symphisis pubis
    - - Synovial joints
        
        Movable joints
        
        Ball-and-socket joints
        
        shoulder and hip
        
        Pivot joints
        
        Neck
        
        Hinge joints
        
        elbow and knee
        
        Saddle joints
        
        thumb
        
        Plane joints
        
        wrist
  - - - Definition
        
        explains the mechanism of muscle contraction based on muscle proteins that slide past each other to generate movement.
      - Process
        
        The sarcoplasmic reticulum stimulated to release calcium ions
        
        Calcium ions bind to troponin. This causes change in tropomyosin which in turn exposing the binding sites on actin.
        
        ATP binds to myosin head.
        
        When ATP is broken down into ADP and Pi, myosin head binds to actin forming a cross-bridge,
        
        ADP and Pi are released from myosin head, myosin head initiates the powerstroke to pull actin which result in sliding filament movement.
      - Functions of proteins
        
        troponin
        
        Its configuration is changed by calcium ion and in turn affects the configuration of tropomyosin.
        
        tropomyosin
        
        covers the binding sites of myosin heads on actin.
        
        myosin and actin
        
        the contractile proteins of the striated muscle
      - Calcium ion deficiency
        
        Troponin and tropomyosin can't change its configuration so that prevent interaction of actin and myosin.
    - - neuromuscular junctions
        
        site for the transmission of action potential
      - transverse system tubules (t-tubules)
        
        brings action potential into interior of muscle fiber
      - sarcoplasmic reticulum
        
        stores and release calcium ion
- - - - Seminal Vesicle
        
        Secretes fluid to support sperm
      - Prostate Gland
        
        Secretes an alkaline fluid to neutralise vaginal acids
      - Vas Deferens
        
        conducts sperm from the testes to the prostate gland
      - Urethra
        
        Conducts sperm / semen from the prostate gland to the outside of the body via the penis
      - Epididymis
        
        Site where sperm matures and develops the ability to be motile
      - Testis
        
        responsible for the production of sperm and testosterone (male sex hormone)
      - Penis
        
        removes urine from the body and that can deliver sperm to the female reproductive system
      - Scrotum
        
        A sac around the testes; located outside the body to provide a cooler environment to produce sperm
    - - Ovary
        
        where oocytes mature prior to release (ovulation), secrete estrogen and progesterone
      - Fimbriae
        
        sweep an oocyte into the oviduct
      - Oviduct
        
        transports the oocyte to the uterus, where fertilisation occurs
      - Uterus
        
        where a fertilised egg will implant and develop (becoming an embryo)
      - Endometrium
        
        The mucous membrane lining of the uterus, it thickens in preparation for implantation or is otherwise lost (via menstruation)
      - Cervix
        
        Ring of muscle act as uterus opening
      - Vagina
        
        Passage leading to the uterus by which the penis can enter
  - - - Anabolic Steroid
        
        commonly used by gym attendants and athletes (illegally)
        
        increases protein synthesis & muscle volume
        
        derivates of testosterone
        
        long-term effect: poor sperm quality
      - Tobacco and Marijuana
        
        reduced sperm count and motility
        
        reduced acrosome reaction
        
        increased DNA methylation and fragmentation