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Reproductive System, Ajeng Jihaan F - 11B - Coggle Diagram
Reproductive System
Male:
Vas deferens is a long, muscular tube that travels from the epididymis into the pelvic cavity, to just behind the bladder. The vas deferens transports mature sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation.
Ejaculatory ducts These ducts are formed by the fusion of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicles. The ejaculatory ducts empty into the urethra.
Urethra The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of your body. In males, it has the additional function of expelling (ejaculating) semen when you reach orgasm.
Seminal vesicles The seminal vesicles are sac-like pouches that attach to the vas deferens near the base of the bladder. The seminal vesicles make a sugar-rich fluid (fructose) that provides sperm with a source of energy and helps with the sperms’ ability to move (motility).
Prostate gland The prostate gland is a walnut-sized structure that’s located below the urinary bladder in front of the rectum. The prostate gland contributes additional fluid to the ejaculate. Prostate fluids also help to nourish the sperm.
Bulbourethral glands The bulbourethral glands, or Cowper’s glands, are pea-sized structures located on the sides of the urethra, just below the prostate gland. These glands produce a clear, slippery fluid that empties directly into the urethra.
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Female:
Vagina This muscular tube receives the penis during intercourse and through it a baby leaves the uterus during childbirth.
Uterus This organ holds and nourishes a developing fetus, if an egg was properly fertilized.
Ovaries The female gonads, the ovaries produce ova. When one matures, it is released down into a fallopian tube.
Fallopian tubes These small tubes transport ova from the ovaries to the uterus. This is where an egg waits to be fertilized.
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Steps of Oogenesis:
Pre-natal Stage
The primary oocyte grows while being arrested in meiosis-I. The follicular cells proliferate and form a stratified cuboidal epithelium. Such cells are known as granulosa cells. These cells secrete glycoproteins to form zona pellucida around the primary oocyte.
Antral Stage
The fluid-filled area, present between granulosa cells, combines to form a central fluid-filled space called the antrum. These are known as secondary follicles. In every month cycle, these secondary follicles develop under the influence of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.
Pre-Ovulatory Stage
This stage is induced by LH surge, and meiosis-I completed here. Two haploid cells of unequal sizes are formed within the follicle. One of the daughter cells that receive less cytoplasm forms a polar body. This cell does not participate in ovum formation. The other daughter cell is known as the secondary oocyte. The two daughter cells undergo meiosis-II. The polar body replicates to form two polar bodies, while the secondary oocyte arrests in the metaphase stage of meiosis-II.
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Menstrual Cycle
Hormonal Level: Estrogen levels rise and fall twice during the menstrual cycle. Estrogen levels rise during the mid-follicular phase and then drop precipitously after ovulation. This is followed by a secondary rise in estrogen levels during the mid-luteal phase with a decrease at the end of the menstrual cycle.
Ovarian Cycle: It occurs in the cortex of the ovary. It has three phases: the follicular phase (in the first half of the cycle), ovulation (at about the middle of the cycle) and the luteal phase (in the second half of the cycle).
Uterine Cycle: Governs the preparation and maintenance of the lining of the uterus (womb) to receive a fertilized egg. These cycles are concurrent and coordinated, normally last between 21 and 35 days in adult women, with a median length of 28 days, and continue for about 30–45 years.
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