history of violent victimization, attention deficits, hyperactivity, or learning disorders, history of early aggressive behavior, association with delinquent peers, involvement in gangs, involvement with drugs, alcohol, or tobacco, lowIQ, poor academic performance, low commitment to school or school failure poor behavioral control, deficits in social, cognitive, or information-processing abilities, high emotional distress, antisocial beliefs and attitudes, social rejection by peers, exposure to violence and conflict in the family, lack of involvement in conventional activities