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Chapters 10-12, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), Kalle, Athan, and Juliana -…

- - - - cytosine (C)
      - guanine (G)
      - adenine (A)
      - Uuracil (U)
      - transfer RNA (tRNA)
        
        A site
      - ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
        
        Ribosomes
      - RNA splicing
      - start codon
        
        stop codon
      - messenger RNA (mRNA)
        
        Translation
      - RNA polymerase
    - - anticodon
  - - - prophage
    - - HIV
    - - lysogenic cycle
        
        lytic cycle
- - - - The manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products
        
        Recombinant DNA
        
        Clones
        
        Gene Cloning
        
        Commonly done with the use of vectors
        
        Vector
        
        Delivery Mechanism
        
        1 more item...
        
        Reverse transcriptase helps make cDNA
        
        DNA Cloning
        
        GMO's
        
        Vaccines
        
        Produced by modifying other organisms to produce desired vaccine particles
      - DNA Profiling
        
        Forensics
      - Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
        
        Primers
      - Gel Electrophoresis
      - Whole-genome shotgun method
        
        Restriction Enzymes breaks apart a genome
        
        Pieces are then sequenced into a computer program
        
        Put back together into a genome
        
        Restriction enzymes
        
        Can also be used to create a restriction fragment
      - Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Analysis
        
        Repetitive DNA
      - Nucleic Acid probes
    - - An organism with a gene(s) from different species
  - - - Genomics
        
        The study and comparison of many sets of genes/genomes
      - Human Genome project
        
        What each part of a sequenced genome does
    - - Used to cure bubble boy disease
      - Genetic Engineering
    - - Restriction Enzyme
        
        Finds a certin DNA sequence
        
        Makes a Zigzag cut (Sticky End) At the restriction site
        
        DNA fragments are then pasted into the vector
        
        DNA Ligase
        
        Connects the sugar-phosphate backbones
- - - - Easy to Clone
      - Totipotent
        
        Regeneration
    - - Not as Easy to Clone
      - Nuclear Transplantation
        
        Donor Cell + Host Egg
      - Reproductive Cloning
        
        Defects in Clones
    - - Embryonic Stem Cells
        
        Totipotent
      - Adult Stem Cells
        
        Not Fully Totipotent
      - Treat Major Disease
  - - - Cells that Divide Uncontrollably
      - Oncogene
      - Tumor Suppressor Gene
        
        Tumors
        
        Starts Benign
        
        Becomes Malignant
      - Carcinogens
        
        Cause Mutations that Cause Cancer
        
        Pollution
        
        Alcohol
        
        Smoking
  - - - Operons
        
        Regulatory Proteins
        
        Inducible Operon
        
        Repressible Operon
        
        Prokaryotes
      - Activators
        
        Eukaryotes
        
        Transcription Factors
        
        Assist RNA Polymerase
      - Alternative RNA Splicing
      - Breakdown mRNA
      - Protein Processing
      - Homeotic Gene
        
        Control Other Genes
        
        Nucleic Acid Hybridization
        
        Fluorescent Probes
        
        DNA Microarray
    - - Epigenetic Inheritance
    - - Functional RNAs
        
        miRNAs
        
        Degrade Complementary mRNAs
        
        siRNAs
        
        RNA Interference of Translation
    - - Protein Chain
        
        Turns on DNA Transcription
      - Used in Early Life