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Chapter 10, Chapter 12 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - a sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule is a codon.
      - RNA polymerase is a transcription enzyme which moves along the gene forming a new RNA strand. The promotor acts as a binding site for RNA polymerase. The terminator signals the end of the gene.
- - - - The promoter is a control site where the transcription enzyme, RNA polymerase, attaches and initiates transcription.
        
        The operator acts as a switch and transcribes the genes.
        
        The entire stretch of DNA required for enzyme production is called an operon.
        
        Activators turn operons on by binding to DNA and stimulating gene transcription.
        
        Differentiation is when the cells become specialized in structure and function.
      - When transcription is turned off it is because of a protein called repressor.
        
        The regulatory gene is inside the operon and codes for the repressor.
      - Nucleosome consists of DNA wound twice around a protein core of eight histone molecules.
      - Epigenetic inheritance is inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanism not directly involving the nucleotide sequence.
      - X chromosome inactivation is when a specific gene on the X chromosome ensures that only one of the chromosomes will be inactivated.
        
        The inactive X in each cell of a female condenses into a compact object called a barr body.
      - any of a group of basic proteins found in chromatin is called a histone
      - The flow from genes to protein, one genotype to phenotype is gene expression.
      - Gene regulation is the turning on and off of genes.
    - - Transcription factors are essential for the transcription of all protein coding genes.
      - Alternative RNA splicing is an organism that can produce more than one type of polypeptide from a single gene.
      - Micro RNA can bind to complementary sequences on mRNA molecules.
      - Small interfering RNA have a similar function to miRNA
      - RNA interference is the blocking of gene expression.
      - Cell signaling
        
        A homeotic gene is a control gene that determines the anatomy of parts of the body.
        
        Nucleic acid hybridization is a process used to identify specific DNA sequences.
      - A DNA microarray is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface.
      - signal transduction pathway is the process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted to a specific cellular response in a series of steps.
    - - Totipotent is capable of producing every kind of specialized cell in the organism.
      - Regeneration is the regrowth of lost body parts.
      - Nuclear transplantation is a method in which the nucleus of a donor cell is relocated to a target cell that has had its nucleus removed
      - Reproductive cloning is defined as the deliberate production of genetically identical individuals
      - An embryonic stem cell is a cell derived from the early stages of an embryo which is capable of differentiating into any type of body cell.
      - Adult Stem Cells are undifferentiated stem cells in differentiated organs/tissues.
      - Therapeutic cloning involves creating a cloned embryo for the sole purpose of producing embryonic stem cells with the same DNA as the donor cell.
      - A clone is someone identical to you and with the same DNA
    - - A gene that can cause cancer in a single copy of the cell is called an oncogene.
      - A normal cellular gene that has the potential to be a oncogene is called a proto-oncogene.
      - Tumor suppressor genes represent the opposite side of cell growth control, normally acting to inhibit cell proliferation and tumor development.
      - Agents that alter DNA and make cells cancerous are called carcinogens.