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English Accents and Dialect Groups, : - Coggle Diagram
English Accents and Dialect Groups
Cockney Rhyming Slang
Rhyming slang is a form of
slang word construction that uses rhyme
. The construction of rhyming slang involves replacing a common word with a phrase of two or more words, the last of which rhymes with the original word, making the origin and meaning of the phrase
exclusive to listeners not in the know
.
Example: 'dog and bone' = phone
Rhyming slang is believed to have originated in the
mid-19th century
in the
East End of London
, with several sources suggesting some time in the 1840s.
Cockney Rhyming slang appeared to be in danger in the
20th century
of dying out but made a stunning comeback, spreading well beyond the east end.
Television introduced Cockney Rhyming slang to a far wider audience, thanks to TV series popularising the slang once again.
People believe that the usage of the slang started to spread as people became more mobile and
Cockneys mixed regularly with other Londoners.
Dialect Levelling
: The process by which language forms of different parts of the country
converge
and become
more similar over time
, with the
loss of regional features
and
reduced diversity
of language.
Possible causes of Dialect Levelling
:
Reduction of rural employment
and construction of
new suburbs and new towns
Social mobility
Breakdown of tight knit working class communities
Increased interaction
with people of
other speech varieties,
Scouse(Liverpool)
Liverpool's position as port can be seen as a
key influential factor
in this dialect's development. Largely influenced by the arrival of many migrant workers from Ireland into the city. Scouse is a mix of many dialects,
'ozzy, 'alright lid?'
Geordie(Newcastle)
This dialect can be traced back to the settlement of
Anglo Saxons
in the north east approximately 1500 years ago. The language they spoke has evolved into several dialects. Including Geordie.
(Haddaway. I'm gannin to the toon)
Brummie (Birmingham)
Another dialect that can be traced back to the Anglo-Saxons
('bostin fittle')
Very ethnic diverse area - slang neologisms and non standard
(-S.E)
grammar due to language interference.
Class in the area known as
'scousers'
- pejorative
Yorkshire
3/4
of the Yorkshire dialect has Danish origins.
There are many words and expressions in Yorkshire that have their roots in the language if the Vikings
(Sam up, scran's ready')
Yorkshire Lexis-
'aye' = yes
'bagsy '= claiming for oneself
'down't = down the
Yorkshire Phonology-
Long vowels in 'look' and 'cook'
Multicultural London English (MLE)
MLE is a dialect of London English which has emerged since the early 1980s in parts of London where there has been a relatively high level of
immigration
. MLE is based on the traditional Est End
Cockney dialect,
but it has a number of different sounds and grammatical structures.
Grime artists using the word
man
in a new way. This is a
new pronoun
, and means the same as
'I'
MLE is becoming increasingly popular, and there is a range of
phonological features
Word inital th-stopping
: words beginning with the 'th' sound are pronounced with
/d/ or /t/
so 'they' and 'then' become
'dey','dem','dere'
Use of pragmatic marker 'You get me?'
: Used in a similar way to how 'innit?' used to be at the end of a sentance as an informal tag question.
Accent Judgment
HOWARD GILES
- He discovered that teenagers rated RP over Birmingham accent higher in terms of competence and intelligence.
Teenagers rated
RP
argument
more impressive
than those in
regional accents
. However, interestingly, thosewho listened to the reigional accent speech were
more likely to have been persuaded
to change their minds than listeners to the RP speech.
Dixon, Mahoney and Cox(2003)
: Match-guise approach, there is a correlation between
accent and perceived guilt
Participants responded to dialogue between the policeman and suspects.
Birmingham accent suspect considered significantly more likely to be guilty than the RP accent suspect.
Gary Ives- Bradford study (2014)
Gary Ives focused on
8 teenage boys
and asked them questions and discussed their language with them. There was a growth in use of
code switching
where the speakers alternate between their 1st and 2nd language (english and often punjabi)
When the 8 boys were asked about code switching they said that they mix Punjabi with English and that they use this different language so that others don't know what they were saying. They used this as their
secret language
. The teenage boys said that they might speak In English with their parents but in Punjabi with their friends
The boys wanted to separate themselves from
'freshies'
- those who were born in Pakistan who then moved to England. Instead they referred themselves as
British Asians
This
links with the Martha Vineyard Study
with the idea that they are using language to exclude and diverge away from others.
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