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chemistry - Coggle Diagram
chemistry
purifying
mixtures
A mixture is made when two or more substances are combined, but they are not combined chemically.
pure substance
In chemistry, a pure substance is a single substance made of only one type of particle.
element
In chemistry, an element is a pure substance consisting only of atoms that all have the same numbers of protons in their nuclei. Unlike chemical compounds, chemical elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any chemical reaction.
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solution
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=a saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a particular volume of solvent at a particular temperature
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chromatography
Paper chromatography is used to separate mixtures of soluble substances. These are often coloured substances such as food colourings, inks, dyes or plant pigments.
reactivity series
we can order metals by how reactive they are. From most to least this is called the reactivity series
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a more reactive metal will displace a less reactive metal from its compound carbon will also displace a less reactive metal eg
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Ores
an ore is a rock that contains metal compound which can be used to extract the metal. Lots of the metal compounds are oxides and need to be refined before the metal can be used.
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when you get above carbon in the reactivity series you need to use electrolysis to extract the metal compound
states of matter
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the temperature doesn’t change when substances melt, boil or evaporate. This is because energy has to be transferred from the surroundings to the particles in order to overcome the weak forces of attraction between the particles
the temperature doesn’t change when substances freeze or condense. This is because energy is transferred from the particles to the surroundings when attractive forces form between particles
Crude oil
fractional distilation
The separation of crude oil into its component parts, or fractions. Chemical compounds are separated by heating them to a temperature (350 - 400 degrees Celcius) at which one or more bits of the mixture will vaporize. Then they will condense in different sections depending on their boiling point
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The Homologous Series:
The molecules methane, ethane, propane and butane are all part of the same homologous series. They are all hydrocarbons and have a similar structure These have single covalent bonds between the atoms in the molecules.
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acids and alkalis
neutralisation
some reactions involving acids are called neutralisation reaction. An acid a neutralised by a base which can be an alkali but doesn't have to be.
acid + base = salt + water
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ph
indicators
methyl orange in hydrochloric acid it goes red, in sodium hydroxide it goes orange
screened methyl in hydrochloric acid it goes orangy brown, in sodium hydroxide it goes black
universal indicator in hydrochloric acid it goes red, in sodium hydroxide it goes purple.
phenolphthalein in hydrochloric acid it goes white, in sodium hydroxide it goes pinky purple.
litmus in hydrochloric acid it goes orangy red, in sodium hydroxide it goes blue.
we can find the ph using indicators some indicators are a piece of paper that changes colour in an acid or alkali some eg litmus paper. Others change the colour of the solution eg phenolphthalein.
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Dynamic Equilibrium
Closed Loop System: Dynamic Equilibrium can only happen in a closed loop system. A Closed loop system is one which has a lid and nothing can leave or enter.
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Open System
making ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gas, is what the haber process is
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electrolysis
cathode
the cathode gains mass after the electrolyse when the power is on the Cu2+ ions are attracted to the cathode and more in the solution.
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