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approaches (advanced info), the learning approach looks at observational…
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- the learning approach looks at observational behaviour and suggests behaviour is learnt
- early behaviourists rejected introspection and instead relied on control and objectivity achieved through lab studies
- the baby's mind is a blank space and is written on by experience
- classical conditioning, learning through association
- Pavlov conducted an experiment where he taught dogs to salivate at the sound of an bell.
food- UNS salivation-UNR
bell-NS no response
(bell+food) UNS+NS = salvation
bell becomes conditioned stimulus with conditioned response of salivation
- Operant conditioning
learning through consequence
- positive reinforcement
receiving a reward when a certain behaviour is performed, increases likelihood of behaviour
- negative reinforcement
when someone avoids something unpleasant, increases likelihood of behaviour
- punishment
unpleasant consequence of behaviour decreases likelihood of behaviour
- Skinners box
put rats into a box, every time the rat activated a lever within the box it was rewarded with a food pellet, did the same but instead did a electric shock
- bandura proposed the SLT as a development of the behaviour approach, he included important mental processes
- the SLT explains behaviour by indirect and direct reinforcement as well as the role of cognitive factors
- vicarious reinforcement
is reinforcement that is not directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else being reinforced for there behaviour
imitation occurs when its positive reinforcement but if its punishment they observer learns the consequence and wont repeat it
- identification
- people are more likely to imitate behaviour of people they identify with. These people are called role models and imitating a role model is called modelling.
- someone can be a role model by having similar characteristic's of the person or have a high status this can happen through media also
- The role of mediational processes
- cognitive factors that influence learning
- attention, to an extent we notice behaviours
- retention, how well a behaviour is remembered
- motor reproduction, the ability of the observer to perform the behaviour
- motivation, the will to perform the behaviour(reward or punish)
- Banduras research
Bandura(1961) tested 36 boys and 36 girls from the Stanford University Nursery School aged between 3 to 6 years old.
The researchers pre-tested the children for how aggressive they were by observing the children in the nursery and judged their aggressive behaviour on four 5-point rating scales.
It was then possible to match the children in each group so that they had similar levels of aggression (matched pairs design)
In the lab experiment bandura recorded the behaviour of the children who had watched an adult act aggressively towards an doll
when observed these children played more aggressively with the doll compared to those who didn't watch the adult
- the psychodynamic approach is a perspective where there are different forces mainly unconscious that operate on the mind and direct human behaviour and experience
it contends that childhood experience's are crucial in shaping a adults personality
- the role of the unconscious
this part of our mind we are unaware of but it drives a lot of our behaviour
the unconscious holds threatening memories that are repressed, these can be accessed through parapraxes
above that is the preconscious which are thoughts and memories we have access to.
- the structure of personality
- ID words according to the pleasure principle its made up of unconscious drives and instincts. The ID is selfish and requires immediate gratification.
- The superego is our internalised sense of wrong and rights it words according to the morality principle.
- The ego words according to the reality principle and is the mediator between the ID and superego, it does this using defence mechanisms
- Psychosexual stages
oral-pleasure in mouth-
smoking biting nails critical
anal-
retentive- perfectionist obsessive
expulsive- thoughtless messy
phallic - narcissism reckless
latency
genital- homosexuality
- defence mechanisms
the ego uses defence mechanism's. these are unconscious and help us from being overwhelmed by temporary threats or traumas however its normally from distortion from reality and as a long term situation they are psychologically unhealthy
all the approaches so far have been deterministic, however the humanistic approach state people have free will
- people are still influenced by internal and external sources but they have choice in there behaviour
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs
- physiological needs, such as food and water
- safety and security,
- love and belongingness, family and friends
- self-esteem
- self actualisation
The self, congruence and conditions of worth
- the persons self the way the persons sees themselves should be similar to our ideal self the perception of who we would like to be (congruence) for self actualisation to be possible
- Roots of worthlessness and low self-esteem (Rogers) comes from a lack of unconditional positive regard from parents during childhood
- conditions of worth, the standards that the individual must live up to in order to receive positive regard from others
- Maslow pointed out that human beings have lower order needs which must be generally met before their higher order needs can be satiated, such as self-actualization
To Maslow, self-actualization meant the desire for self-fulfillment, or a person’s tendency to be actualized in what he or she is potentially.