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Topic 1: States of Matter - Coggle Diagram
Topic 1: States of Matter
Particulate Theory of Matter
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
All matter are made of particles(atoms, molecules or ions) with
spaces
between them.
Evidence of particles
Diffusion
Crystal Growing
Fusing of Metal
Liquid Evaporating
Balloon Deflating
Smelling Perfume
Kinetic Theory of Matter
Liquid
Distance and arrangement of particles- Particles are further apart and not arranged in a regular pattern
See picture below
Mutual forces of attraction between particles- Average
Motion of particles
Particles vibrate and exchange positions with their neighbouring particles
Particles are able to move throughout the liquid
Properties
Definite volume but takes the shape of the container
Slightly compressible
Solid
Distance and arrangement of particles- Particles are closely packed together in a fixed, regular arrangement
See picture below
Mutual forces of attraction between particles- Very strong
Motion of particles- Particles vibrate about fixed position and cannot move throughout the solid
Properties
Definite shape and volume
Not compressible
Gas
Distance and arrangement of particles
Particles are very widely spaced
Particles are far apart and arranged randomly
See picture below
Mutual forces of attraction between particles
Very weak
Negligible
Motion of particles
Particles move very fast and randomly
Occupying any available space in the container
Properties
No definite shape and volume (same as container)
Easily compressible
States of Matter
All Matter exists as solid liquids and gases
The temperature at which all of a solid becomes a liquid is called is melting point or m.p.
The temperature at which all of a liquid becomes a gas is called its boiling point or b.p.
Changes in State
Melting
Definition
The process in which a
solid
changes into a
liquid
.
Explanation
When heated, solid particles gain kinetic
energy
and vibrate
more and
faster until the
attractive forces
between the particles are
overcome
.
Particles then break away from one another and move further apart until they are able to
exchange positions
with their neighbouring particles in liquid state.
Note
During melting, the temperature remains
constant
because the thermal energy absorbed by the particles which is used to
overcome the attractive forces
holding the particles together is exactly balanced by the thermal energy supplied to it.
A
pure
substance had a
sharp and fixed melting point
.
Impurities
lower
the melting point. An impure substance melts over a
range
of temperatures.
Boiling
Definition
: The process of converting
liquid
to
gas
.
Explanation
Particles of liquid gain kinetic energy and move faster until the particles have enough energy to
break away from the forces
holding them together.
At this temperature, the particles of a liquid have
gained sufficient energy
to escape from its surface & move further apart to become a gas.
Note
The boiling point changes with pressure, boiling increases with increasing pressure
Higher pressure means greater number of air particles above the liquid surface. It is harder for liquid particles to between the empty spaces between air particles.
Thus more energy is required.
During boiling, the temperature remains
constant
because the thermal energy is absorbed by the particles of liquid to
overcome the attractive forces
holding them together until they are
further apart
and free to
move randomly at high speed.
A
pure
substance has a
sharp and fixed boiling point.
Impurities
raise
the boiling point. An impure substance boils over a
range
of temperature.
Liquids with low boiling points are called
volatile liquids
.
Freezing
Definition
The process in which a
liquid
changes into a
solid
.
Explanation
When cool, particles lose energy and move slower and are drawn closer. The
attractive forces
acting between them become so
strong
that particles are held back in their fixed position.
Note: During freezing, the temperature remains constant because thermal energy is lost to the surrounding is exactly balanced by the thermal energy released as the particles attract one another and take up a fixed and orderly structure/ arrangement as a solid.
Condensation
Definition
The process in which a
gas
changes into a
liquid
.
Explanation
When cool, particles
lose energy
to the surroundings and
move slower
and are
drawn closer
until the attractive forces between them are strong enough to form a liquid.
Sublimation
Definition
The process in which a
solid
changes directly into a
gas without going through a liquid state.
Explanation
Particles at the surface have enough energy to break away from the very strong attractive forces in solids that held them in fixed position in the solid state and escape as a gas.
Evaporation
Explanation
Evaporation occurs because particles on the surface
gain enough energy
from the surroundings to
overcome the attractive forces
so as to enable them to escape from the surface of the liquid to become separated as particles
moving at high speeds and randomly
in a gas.
