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The Boxer Rebellion 1899-1901 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Juye Incident
        
        Both confucius and mencius were from Shandong
        
        Killing of two German Catholic missionaries, Richard Henle and Franz Xavier Nies. Third missionary on 2 November 1897 survived the attack.
        
        German Empire used the murders as a pretext to seize Jiaozhou Bay on Shandong’s southern coast. Qing government was also forced to remove many Shandong officials from their posts and to build three Catholic Churches in the area
      - after the rejection of the Hundred Days Reform in 1898, Prince Duan and the other conservative courtiers were emboldened in their aggression towards the foreigners.
        
        Intellectuals were spreading pamphlets around the country after the attempt. Accelerates discontent thta is already there
      - as a part of triple intervention (following the harsh treaty of shimonoseki) on 6 March 1898 Chinese Imperial court leased the area of Jiaozhou to Germany for 99 years, the entire province was declared German sphere of influence, and Germany was given the right to construct two railways from Jiaozhou to the province capital of Jinan.
        
        One railway was said to take the place of ten-thousand coolies, who had been carrying freight for generations. Western innovation violently displaced millions from their livelihoods and Feng Shui was said to be disrupted
        
        May 1900: The Boxers were summoned to Beijing by Cixi and some of the princes and nobles employed their services to guard their residences. The Boxers were encouraged by a court decree to cut the railway line between Beijing and Tianjin.
        
        The Boxer mantra was ‘Support the Qing, Destroy the Foreigner’
        
        missionary doctors threatened practitioners and foreigners insisted on building their churches in such a way to challenge traditional spiritual belief.
        
        In 1899 The local governor of Shandong, one of the conservative allies of the Dowager Empress, recruited Boxers as militia in an attempt to oppose more German expansion in his province. This can be seen as a catalyst.
        
        Strong folklore tale of the Bandits of Mount Liang who overcame unjust systems. The model for the young was to look for ways to achieve the right even if it was outside of the law.
      - June 14, 1900: German Minister Clemens von Ketteler arrests and summarily executes a young boy he suspects of being a Boxer.
        June 14, 1900: Thousands of angry Boxers storm Beijing and burn Christian churches in response to boy's murder.
    - - Century of Humiliation
        
        By the end of the 19th century over 100 treaty ports had been established in China, by countries such as GB, France, Austria, Portugal, Russia (who sought to extend the Trans-Siberian Railway to Port Arthur).
      - The roots of the rebellion lay in Boxer links to the White Lotus Society and other groups such as the Big Sword Society.
  - - - 1898 flood affected more than a million people. it was followed by a huge famine in 1900
        
        a rise in banditry and crime across a largely ungoverned region ensued, as shown by the fact there was roughly one official for every 240,000 people, and meant that people had to choose sides between the two external protectors: the missionaries or the Boxers. This conflict will be seen as a vital cause of the uprising.
        
        On December 31, 1899, a Boxer group in Shandong kidnapped Reverend Sidney M. Brooks, a member of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, a missionary society of the Church of England, and beheaded him. He is often considered the first foreign casualty in the Boxer Uprising.
    - - Momentum made by the Boxers pre-Cixi
        
        the attack on the First Chinese Regiment on May 5th where the Boxers unarmed Major Penrose and forced British reinforcement
      - Kucheng Massacre 1895
    - - Japan
        
        Meiji Restoriation 1868 was the root cause for the Hundred Days reform
        
        The effect of the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895 evidence this, as shown by the fact that it ceded Korea and other territories as well as 200 million taels of silver.
        
        Prior to the Sino‐Japanese War, there were almost 50,000 troops on the payroll in Shandong, but these numbers have dropped to 30,000 in 1897 and to some 21,000 only in 1898. Dismissed troops became unemployed, and thus tempted to resort to banditry. The need to fight the bandits was the reason why many Chinese joined the “Boxers”.
        
        Japense were ceded Taiwan and the Penghu Islands
      - Internal systemic problems
        
        Tianjin Massacre 1872. when a French consul shot a Chinese magistrate, a riot ensued of Cathedrals being burnt down and 60 fatalities. showed the Western powers that a powerful military influence was needed
        
        By the 19th century, it is estimated that a direct magistrate, the lowest level official responsible for all local administration, might be responsible for as many as 250,000 people
        
        1898 flood affected more than a million people. it was followed by a huge famine in 1900
        
        Governor Zhang Rumei neglected dyke maintenance - and was slow to organise relief forces after the flood of 1898.
    - - silent dictator for Tongzhi’s reign 1861-75 and also Guangxu’s until 1889.
      - her power was impressively consolidated after the Hundred Days reform when orders were quickly issued to arrest Kang Youwei. He and Liang fled to Japan, with other reformers being executed. Provincial officials that did support the reforms were stripped of their titles after the Hundred Days reform in 1898
      - Cixi was initially ambivalent to the anti-Qing boxer group. Certainly, in December 1899 rewards were offered for arrests of anti-Christian organisations such as the Big Sword Society and there was also ambivalence in official policy. This was seen most clearly by the fact that two weeks after a pro-boxer edict the court ordered the Shandong and Zhili officials to strictly prohibit the Boxers United in Righteousness.
        
        Jan. 1900: Empress Dowager Cixi rescinds condemnation of Boxers, issues edict of support but two weeks later orders for prohibition (not really enforced).
      - in December 1899 rewards were offered for arrests of anti-Christian organisations such as the Big Sword Society and there was also ambivalence in official policy.
- - - - The Seymour Expedition June 1900. 2066 men.
        
        Railroad between Tietsin and Peking was heavily damaged by the boxers
        
        The expedition fought its largest battle over the village of Peitsang, taking it on 21 June. But the cost was more killed and wounded. The latter became both a moral and physical burden for Admiral Seymour. They were fortunate enough to find a largely unguarded Hsiku Arsenal where they hunkered down waiting for rescue. 2000 men may have perished had they not found the arsenal.
        
        Seymours mission was the only largely unsuccessful part of the campaign
    - - The Eight nation alliance of 1900 was crucial. Last time the major powers cooperated before WWI
    - - Relief forces
        
        General Gaslees relief force
        
        Britain could import troops such as the 1st Indian Brigade. Sepoys
        
        9,000 Japanese troops and 24 guns
        
        2,900 russian men
        
        And many other countries
      - The US Marines were deployed.
    - - France was bitter since the 1871 Franco-Prussian war
  - - - The leadership was very much incohesive. There were numerous different sorts of army operating for the Boxers or for the imperials. E.g Kansu irregulars (muslim army), the Tenacious. These were all meant to be commanded by Jung-Lu
      - Governor of Shandong Yuan Shikai declined Cixi’s request for the Qing army to fight alongside boxers and instead tried to crush them. Disunity.
    - - Despite an estimated 1.75 million men being trained in militias or green bands, very little fought.
      - The boxers obviously thought they were immune to bullets.
        
        refused to use western methods of trainsport such as railway becasue it was said to disrupt Feng Shui.
      - War crimes. 53 children were killed. 136 missionaries, 47 nuns/priests, 30k chinese catholics, 2k chinese protestants. 400 of the 700 russian orthodox chritians in beijing were killed.
    - - Seymour
      - War crimes. 53 children were killed. 136 missionaries, 47 nuns/priests, 30k chinese catholics, 2k chinese protestants. 400 of the 700 russian orthodox chritians in beijing were killed. 15,000 local residents killed.
      - Battle at the Dagu Forts
        
        The Allies had suffered 172 casualties among the 900 soldiers and sailors engaged after the Dagu fort battle. This was relatively impressive compared to previous battles. Heavily damaged numerous Russian gunboats. 1900
        
        Giliak and another ship were severely damaged. 18 Russians were killed and 65 were wounded.
      - Destroyed the Hanlin academy. They had incrediby strong defensive positions
      - Red Lanterns
      - they had links to lots of other soceities such as teh White Lotus sect
      - The New guards stationed near Tietsin had Mausser rifles and Maxim machine guns and a variety of artillery pieces.
- - - - £68 million in reparations: AH 1%, USA 7%, I 7%, JA 8%, UK 11%, FR 16%, GER 20%, RUS 29%
      - Chinese fortifications and arsenals were to be destroyed including the Dagu forts and 11 other points between Peking and the coast
      - Foreign troops permanently stationed in and around Beijing
      - Foreign powers entitled to defend their legations with their own powers
      - No chinese allowed to enter the legations without invitation
      - Captured boxer leaders executed or deported
      - Cixi was declared as a war criminal
      - Chinese gentry punished by having the state examination system suspended for 5 years. A key facet of chinese identity
      - Chinese government had to erect monuments of prominent foreigners who had died during the uprising
      - indemnity it charged them of 459 million silver taels, roughly 68 million pounds, was more than the entire income of the state at that time, and resulted in expenditures of the Qing being roughly 25% greater than income in the period.
        
        interest, would finally come to 982 million!
      - foreign powers didn't destory the Qing or Cixi becasue they were easy to exploit. she returned to Beijjing in a grand style which impressed foreigners. rest houses every 10 miles
  - - - On Sept.21, 1900 Russian forces seized Jilin and the Liaodong peninsula. By October, their forces had moved northward and occupied all of Manchuria. However much of thise was taken away and given to Japan
      - Japan inherits Liaodong peninsula and southern manchurian railway.
        The economy grew fast in these areas due to its mineral reserves, agriculture and huge forests.
        
        South manchuria railway, spanning 700 miles which could only be rode by Tokyo elites,who gained a 6% dividend from the company producing the rail off the backs of the Chinese people.
  - - - Creation of provincial academies (August 1901)
    - - 653 insurrections of varying size between 1896 and 1911.
    - - In 1906 after a severe flooding on the Hunan-Jiangxi border, the Hong River society planned a revolt. 20,000 men went into action armed with swords etc.
    - - This was after Representatives of 16 provinces went to beijing 3 times in 1910 to petition for a national parliament.
    - - Kang youwei set up private army (the Independent army), operating out of Hakuo, whilst the Tongmenhui sides with old secret societies to oppose to Qing.
  - - - There was a big drive mounted against opium smoking. Cixis ten point plan 1906
        
        The anti-opium drive provoked protests
        
        There were violent demonstrations from farmers who relied on the crop for their livelihoods.demonstrations against grain_prices and taxes.
        
        After one incident in Shandong there were 40,000 people, of whom 1,000 were killed in the subsequent repression.
        
        ‘Great moral movement’ of Britain and China collaborating to stop the trade of opium.
      - Abolition of the government examinations (August 1905)
      - Educational reforms had created a new class of nationalistic Chinese students and intellectuals who were aware of the insincerity of Qing Reforms and had no voice in government. Revolutionary and anti-Qing politics appealed to them more.
      - Modern schools were set up: 35,787 in 1907. 87,272 in the next five years as pupil numbers trebelled to 2.9 million
        
        1907 the government committed itself to female education. By 1911, 141,430 girl pupils in China.
        
        In the middle Yangzi the evergreen Zhang Zhidong promoted agricultural innovations, engaging American specialists and experimenting with seeds.
        Literacy was a prominent issue. Most elementary chinese could only be read and written by 1% of the population in 1900
      - Womens Rights
        
        Shanghai had a womans chinese and western medical school etc. the Decree of 1902 lifted the ban on intermarriage but also outlawed footbinding. Cixi founded the School for Aristocratic Women. Cixi organised a play called Women Can be Patriots. 1907 Regulation for Women's education.
        
        30 pro female liberation journals
    - - Creation of provisional assmeblies before a national assembly only exacerbated provincialism
      - The Superintendency of Political Affairs (April 1901)
        
        The Ministry of Foreign Affairs to replace the Zongli Yamen (July 1901)
        
        The Ministry of Commerce (August 1903)
        
        The Ministry of Education (December 1905)
      - Liang Qichao set up the Political Information Society that pressured constituational reform
      - Promotion of railway construction (June 1901)
      - Cixi’s “clan cabinet” in 1911 had 8 Manchu members of the 13, and 5 of them were her own family
    - - China was obliged to get new foreign loans and commit more future revenue from customs, salt duties and other sources as collateral, impoverishing the state.
      - From 1900-1911, government spending doubled but income remained the same
      - The urban population leapt by 10% in 1893.
      - In 1904 the businessman community go satisfaction with the authorization of chambers of commerce which provided a forum to meet and lobby for modernization
      - Working conditions aggravated workers and strikes were common. Fifteen stoppages 1904-6 and 24 1909-11. In Hankou, 9k workers at a tea-brick factory went on strike and attacked a rival russian plant
      - The 1897 imperial bank had run into trouble when a wave of counterfeit notes from Japan started a run on the institution. In 1905 the Bank of teh Board of Households was established which later was known as teh Great Qing government bank, to counter the need for modern banking. In seven years the bank increased its deposits and loans seven-fold and paid shareholders dividends of up to 34%
      - From 1902-8 the country's revenue more than doubled. 100 million teals to 235 million.
      - Despite the improvement, economic expansion was limited by the size of the nation and the backward starting point. In 1911, China had only 600 enterprises using machinery. Chinese capital in modern ventures was just 6-7 percent of what was invested in agriculture.
      - shanghai , despite having a 345k population, its industrial workforce was only 76k.
      - Tea growing was hit by competition from India and Japan.
      - Ban on emigration abroad was lifted in 1893. 100k people left the port of Xiamen that year.
      - practiced rights reclamation from the foreign powers giving the contracts to local businesses, such as the Hong railway in Southern Guangdong