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Variation in Gender Inequality - Coggle Diagram
Variation in Gender Inequality
Gender Inequality
The unequal treatment of individuals based on their gender.
Demonstrated by the
Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI)
: assesses a range of economic, educational, health and political factors which include:
Reproductive health
- maternal mortality rate, teenage pregnancy rate.
Empowerment
- proportion of women in parliament, proportion of adults (aged 25+) with secondary education.
Labour force participation rate
- of male/female populations aged 15+.
Challenges to achieving gender equality:
Forced marriage - including marriage of children
Trafficking into forced labour - including sex slavery.
Access to education, healthcare and employment.
Access to reproductive health services.
Violence against women.
Educational Opportunities
Better education for women would mean: economic growth of a nation, rise in social status of women (can work in better jobs) and an improved health of children at home.
SOCIAL FACTORS:
negative classroom environments where girls face violence, exploitation and corporal punishment, inadequate sanitation in schools, having to stay at home to help in the house.
ECONOMIC FACTORS:
girls being exploited for child labour, costs of schools may stop a range of children reaching secondary education.
POLITICAL FACTORS:
inadequate legislation and government investment, patriarchal system suggests female education is only important for the family she marries in to.
Access to Reproductive Health Services
Some factors affecting female reproductive health include:
STIs (like HIV), forced abortions, early marriages and pregnancies, FGM, sexual violence, lack of access to information and lack of power.
According to UNICEF (2019), in Sub-Saharan Africa, 12% of females were married before the age of 15 and 37% before 18.
Some NGOs e.g. ICRW, Womankind and the Office of High Commissioner for HR are involved in resolving these issues.
Girls and young women living in poor communities in the developing world are most at risk.
Employment Opportunities
The Labour Force Participation Rate
is the ratio of females:males within a country's working population (aged 15+) that engage in the labour market by working or actively looking for work.
Countries with a high HDI (e.g. USA, UK, Switzerland) have a high labour force participation ratio but none have managed female-male employment parity.
Factors that affect the spatial variation include differing:
social norms, cultural beliefs and religious practices, levels of governmental and company support for childcare, gender-based norms that shape the educational and job decisions of men and women, levels of discrimination by employers etc.