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Key information for Global Migration - Coggle Diagram
Key information for Global Migration
Types of migration
Intra
-regional migration is movement
within
the same region
Inter
-regional migration is is movement
between
different regions
Length of migration
Short
term - movement to another place for at
least 3 months but no longer than a year
Long
term - movement to another place for at
least a year
Statistics
In 2015,
244 million people
(
3.3% of world's population
) lived outside of their country of origin (United Nations Population Fund)
Since 2014,
23,000 people have died
while trying to reach Europe from northern Africa (International Organisation for Migration)
Areas of a country where migrants settle:
economic hubs
,
world cities
, areas with a
large diaspora
, towns/ cities with
good infrastructure
Top 10 remittance receiving counties:
India, China, Philippines, Mexico, France, Nigeria, Egypt, Pakistan, Germany, Bangladesh
Highest migration rates are in the Middle East:
UAE (70%), Qatar (87%), Jordan (46%)
Singapore
is
41%
migrants compared to
Indonesia
at
0.1%
, however Indonesia has a lot of rural-urban migration domestically
28 million internally displaced refugees
(2010)
15 million refugees in a neighbouring country
(2010)
Global remittances valued at
$440 billion
(2010)
Global remittances valued at
$601 billion
(2015)
Developing countries receive around
$441 billion
Top recipients of remittances:
India
,
China
, the
Philippines
,
Mexico
,
France
Top percentage of GDP made up by remittances:
Tajikistan (42%), Kyrgyzstan (30%), Nepal (29%), Tonga (28%), Moldova (26%)
Developing countries train young people for migration. Like the
Philippines
producing migrants to the
UAE
. To work as hotel staff, nannies and caretakers
Top 5 destinations for migrants (2015 IOM):
USA, Germany, Russia, Saudi Arabia, UK
Top 5 countries of origin for migrants (2015 IOM):
India, Mexico, Russia, China, Bangladesh
Types of migrant
Emigrant
- a person
leaving
a country
Immigrant
- a person
entering
a country
Net migration
Net migration
- the number of
immigrants minus the number of emigrants
, including citizens and non-citizens
Net migration loss
- total loss of people migrating to other countries
Net migration gain
- total gain of people migrating into a country from another
Net emigration
- total amount of people leaving a country
Net immigration
- total amount of people entering a country
Changes in population
Natural increase
- population increasing due to
more live births than deaths
Natural decrease
- population decrease due to
more deaths than live births
Population change = (births - deaths) +/- international migration
Reasons for migration
Economic
- seeking work and social opportunities, often sending money back to their family (migrant remittances)
Forced
- seeking refuge or asylum in other countries to flee conflict zones or persecution
Models
Lee's migration model
Accounts for push and pull factors and intervening obstacles in order to predict migration patterns
Advocates the idea that intervening obstacles can block migration to certain areas
Push and pull factors can promote migration out of an old area to a new one
Intervening obstacles
- occur at any pint from origin to destination, such as: costs, physical features, climatic factors, health, transport
Blue/ Hot banana
A discontinuous corridor of urbanisation in western Europe, with a population of around
111 million
Cities in the hot banana:
London, Frankfurt, Munich, Milan
Cities in the emergent southern corridor:
Barcelona, Marseille
Multiplier effect
CORE begins to develop/ further development
Increase in jobs and population
Increased demand for goods and services
Expansion of existing industries and formation of new businesses
Improvement of infrastructure and services
Initial development of CORE results in benefits that drive its further development
Cumulative causation - spiral of advantages that occur at the CORE. It can be used on a global, regional or domestic scale and is the opposite of the poverty cycle
Periphery - usually inaccessible, underpopulated and has poor resources
UK statistics
Immigration
to UK -
609,000
(2019)
Emigration
from UK -
397,000
(2019)
UK
non-born population
-
9.4 million
(2019)
UK
non-British population
-
6.2 million
(2019)
Peak levels of migration to UK in
2016
and
2017
Top 5 countries of births in UK:
India
,
Poland
,
Pakistan
,
Romania
,
Republic of Ireland
EU
net migration has
fallen since 2016
More EU citizens arrive long term than leave
Non-EU migration
has gradually
increased since 2013
(immigration rising and emigration remaining stable)
Rise in
non-EU
migration mainly due to an increase in
immigration for formal study
5.1 million British-born
people lived
abroad
(2013)
Main reasons for people migrating to the UK:
former colonial ties
,
formerly EU migration
,
business/ work opportunities
,
education
,
family reunification
Top 10 countries of foreign-born migrants in London (2013):
India, Poland Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Ireland, Nigeria, Italy, Romania, Jamaica
London has the largest proportion (
36.2%
) and number of immigrants in the UK
Remittances
Short term impacts
Increased flow of money,
increasing QoL
and
SoL
Increased access to services/ opportunities
Isolating
Increased spending on essentials
Increased number of houses built
More tax for government budget
Long term impacts
Could cause a breakdown of family relationships
Receiving country becomes more reliant
More corruption
More tax for government budget
Decreased quality of services due to corruption culture
People against
Takes money from the economy
Removes money from nationals
Promotes informal work
Focuses on developing other countries - not the source country
Reducing the difference between cultures
Money spent on training professionals can be lost when they leave (social remittances)
Tax income is reduced
Human development index
Income - GDP pe capita (PPP)
Education - literacy rate and percentage of children attending school
Health - life expectancy at birth
Inequalitirs
Countries of origin lose a portion of their young labour force, possibly contributing to a downward economic spiral
Better educated population migrates, resulting in brain drain in the country of origin
Demographic selectiveness of international migration causes redistribution of population who are of reproductive age. Influences birthrates in countries of origin (decline) and destination (growth)
Migrant remittances can increase inequality between families who receive them and those who don't
Conflicts
Social conflict can develop between host communities and newcomers. People of a particular culture may find difficulty integrating, perhaps due to language
Immigrant populations can place pressure on service provisions such as: education, healthcare and housing
International borders can become areas of conflict due to border control authorities, traffickers and illegal migrants
Young labour driven migration
Numbers in the
UAE
have increased dramatically in the 21st century.
From 2.45 million in 2000
to
7.83 million in 2013
Flows of migration are dominated by young males, mostly in construction
Majority of migrants are low skilled, many aren't educated beyond primary level
Only
3.6%
of migrants are employed in
health
Only
2.6%
of migrants are employed in
education
Increasing numbers of female migrants
Global increase in the 21st century
52%
of all migrants in
developed
countries are female (2013)
46%
of all migrants in
developing
countries are female (2013)
Regions where female international migration was higher than male:
Europe, Latin America, North America, Oceania
Migration policies
Open door
- allows anyone to come and live in a country. The country will usually run campaigns abroad to target specific groups to encourage them to move. Example:
EU
Quotas
- restricts the number of people allowed in a country per year. The country may decide on different things to restrict like: total number allowed, total number from a particular area, total number of a certain type of person
Skills Test
- potential migrants have to pass a 'skills test' to ensure that they are skilled and qualified. May involve a points system where certain skills gain points and you must obtain enough points to qualify. Examples:
Australia
,
UK