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Psychological disorders in society (Disorders) - Coggle Diagram
Psychological disorders in society (Disorders)
Lecture 6 - Acquired disabilities
Causes
Head injury - most common for 1-40 yr olds
Closed-head injury - contact to the skull hits the brain as the brain doesn't move
Open-head - localised damage, such as Zasetsky who got shrapnel through his occipito-parietal region
Rehabilitation - we need to start this early to see the best results, the longer it is left after the injury, the harder it will get
Tumours
What are they? - cancerous cells that put pressure on brain cells
Malignant vs benign - a tumour becomes malignant (dangerous) if there is no barrier between the tumour and brain tissue
Stokes
Symptoms - loss of speech, confusion and emotionality
Causes - lack of oxygen to the brain, caused by a blockage in the blood vessels (ischaemia) or a haemorrhage (an aneurysm bursts, causing blood to go into the cerebro-spinal fluid, where the brain sits)
Side effects - paralysis, memory problems and more strokes in the future
Alzheimer's
Causes - neuronal damage/genetics (loads of risk factors in B+B notes)
Micro effects - tangling and breakdown of the neuronal structure and amyloid plaques develop outside the cell (blocking excitation)
Macro effects - progressive cell death, leading to a reduction in overall brain size
Symptoms - memory, speech and motor issues
Week 8 - Language disorders
Brain
Language centres located in the left-hemisphere
Broca's area - in the inferior frontal lobe
Wernicke's area - at the junction of the temporal and parietal lobes
Carotid artery - if we reduce blood flow through this, we can cause aphasia
Broca's aphaisa
Symptoms - limited vocabulary and incomplete speech/sentences, but good compresension and understanding
Causes - strokes, head injuries or brain tumours
Testing Broca's aphasia - we can ask people to describe what's going on in a picture, those with Broca's aphasia won't be able to use long words with correct syntax
Wernike's aphasia
Causes - damage to Wernike's area, such as strokes or head injury
Symptoms - fluent speech that doesn't make any sense, they can't turn their thoughts into meaningful sets of words and made up words are used (neologisms)
Effects on daily life - people will disengage from conversations as there is a clear language barrier, leading to social isolation, low mood and a reduced quality of life
Links between Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia
Broca's aphasia effects articulation whereas Wernicke's aphasia effecting processing meaning
There must be a link between the software (meaning) and the hardware (articulation), but we don't understand this yet
Aphasia recovery
Different areas of speech (syntax, phonology and semantics) recover at different rates, verbal communication takes a while, then plateaus
Faster recovery? - recovery can be faster if the stroke was small (90% recover in 6 months for mild strokes)
Treatments
Speech therapy - a hollositc approach is beneficial if it is regular and starts soon after the onset (however these effects may not be quantitatively significant, just qualitatively)
Verbal communication will improve with therapy
Time till therapy after onset - start within the first 2 weeks, not in the firs 24hrs though
Week 9 - Biology and madness
Basics
Mental disorders and learning disabilities are seperate concepts
DSM-V contains categories of mental disorders
Sydromes
Mental disorders? - hard to classify as syndromes as the underlying causes aren't fully understood
What are syndromes? - a pattern of symptoms resulting from a biological cause, such as diabetes being caused by an insulin deficiency
Idea promoted by Kraepelin
Prevalence
Reporting bias - older people are less likely to report and seek help
Unemployed - increased mental illness, but we don't know which one causes the other
Schizophrenia
Symptoms - positive = hallucinations/disordered thinking, negative = low mood
Prevalence
Higher in men (4/5 in 1000)
Higher in African carribbean and immigrant populations
Recovery - most people will only have a few episodes and will recover
Violence - increased violence, but this could be due to substance abuse, which is more common in schizophrenic populations
Causes
Genetic - strong genetic component (from twin studies)
Neurological (dopamine) - excessive amounts of dopamine
Social factors - childhood trauma and isolation
Depression
Prevalence - 1.7 male and 2.5 females per 100
Causes - genetic, social and neurological (serotonin)
Treatment - SSRIs work for MMD, pychoanalysis to treat underlying causes and CBT to consider thinking patters
Mental illness is a social construct
Changes to the DSM-5 means that we create disorders, such as homosexuality in the past
There are some questionable disorders in the DSM, such as hoarding disorder
Week 10 - Biology and intelligence
Measuring intelligence
Binet test
Lewis Terman - large scale US tests for the military
Distribution - 100 is the normal score, we look at standard deviations from this 100
Verbal and performance items on IQ tests
Fluid reasoning - if A>B and B>C, is A>C?
Knowledge
Quantitative reasoning - change from a £5 note
Visual-spaital processing - missing parts of a pattern/puzzle
Working memory
IQ and academic achievement
Small correlation - shows why this is a flawed test as we would expect a large correlation
11+ exam was created to find the smart kids
Intelligence and genetics
Tests can favour one group and disadvantage another as they assume we have had the same experiences
They need to be in the environment to bring out the genetics
Small differences between races
Large effect of child poverty is seen
Week 11 - Disorders and society
Medical model - the impairment is the problem, so we identify people as disabled based on their symptoms
Social model - impairments are a thing, but society allows for them to become a disability, such as not having ramps everywhere
Difference between the model - they differ on where the problem lies; medical = impairment, social = society