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organic chemistry - Coggle Diagram
organic chemistry
crude oil
crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons that can be separated by fractional distillation, with each fraction consists of hydrocarbons of similar chain lengths
fractional distillation
The molecules in each fraction have similar properties and boiling points, which depend on the number of carbon atoms in the chain with the size and length of each hydrocarbon molecule determining which fraction it will be separated into
crude oil is heated in a furnace and evaporates. the vapours pass into the fractionating column which is hottest at the bottom and coolest at the top (temp gradient). long hydrocarbons have high boiling points so they cool down and condense towards the bottom of the column. shorter hydrocarbons rise up the column as gases and condense at different heights
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fuel is a substance that, when burned, releases heat energy
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carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide is a toxic and odourless gas which can cause dizziness, loss of consciousness and eventually death as it reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
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sulfur dioxide
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When these contaminated fossil fuels are combusted, the sulfur in the fuels get oxidised to sulfur dioxide
acid rain
The sulfur dioxide produced from the combustion of fossil fuels dissolves in rainwater droplets to form sulfuric acid and nitrogen dioxide produced from car engines reacts with rain water to form a mixture of nitrous and nitric acids, both of which contribute to acid rain
cracking
fractional distillation produces mare long-chained hydrocarbons than are required but the demand for short-chained hydrocarbons is much larger, causing a supply and demand problem
cracking is a thermal decomposition reaction in which the long chained hydrocarbons are heated and passed over an alumina catalyst. this causes the hydrocarbon to break down, producing a shorter alkane and and alkene
esters
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naming esters
first part comes from the alcohol, remove -anol and replace with -yl
second part comes from carboxylic acid, remove -oic acid and replace with -oate
structure of esters
H is lost from alcohol and OH from carboxylic acid, bond forms between C
in carboxylic acid and O in alcohol
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introduction
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definitions
homologous series
a series or family of organic compounds that have similar features and chemical properties due them all having the same functional group
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functional group
A group of atoms bonded in a specific arrangement that influences the properties of the homologous series
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classifying reactions
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addition
An addition reaction takes place when two or more molecules combine to form a larger molecule with no other products
combustion
In a combustion reaction, an organic substance reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide (or carbon monoxide if incomplete combustion) and water.
alcohols
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the first 4 members of the series are methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol
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maunufacturing
reacting ethene with steam in the presence of a phosphoric acid catalyst at a temperature of about 300 degrees and a pressure of 60-70 atm
the fermentation of glucose, in the absense of air, at an optimum temperature of about 30 degrees and using the enzymes in yeast
reasons for fermentation
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optimum temperature
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if too high, the enzymes in the yeast would be denatured
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carboxylic acids
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First four members are: methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid and butanoic acid
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alkanes
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reaction
In a substitution reaction, one atom is swapped with another atom
Alkanes undergo a substitution reaction with halogens in the presence of ultraviolet radiation
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The products belong to a family called halogenoalkanes or haloalkanes
Halogenoalkanes have many uses a solvents, refrigerants, propellants and pharmaceuticals
alkanes
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reaction
In a substitution reaction, one atom is swapped with another atom
Alkanes undergo a substitution reaction with halogens in the presence of ultraviolet radiation
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The products belong to a family called halogenoalkanes or haloalkanes
Halogenoalkanes have many uses a solvents, refrigerants, propellants and pharmaceuticals
synthetic polymers
addition polymerisation
Alkenes can be used to make polymers such as poly(ethane) and poly(propene) by addition polymerisation. In this reaction, many small molecules (monomers) join together to create very large molecules (polymers).
The repeat unit has the same atoms as the monomer because no other molecule
is formed in the reaction
disposal
Unable to biodegrade, because they are inert / unable to react therefore, microorganisms and bacteria are unable to break them down
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