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Digital Divide in the Media - Coggle Diagram
Digital Divide in the Media
Generation Divide
OFCOM
: 12-15 year olds are more likely than adults to be engaged in cross media multi-tasking e.g. texting friends whilst browsing the internet or doing hw
Boyle
: New media is associated with young people. They have a lot more access to new media as they have grow up with its developments and are used to its' immediacy and instant gratification. It is tailored to their specific needs and identities. Thus the way they seek out entertainment and knowledge is different from older generations.
Adults are anxious about exposure of young people to the media e.g. amount of violence they have access to. New media has exacerbated this- have access to pornography, terrorist propaganda, bullying and grooming on social media
Differences in Usage
16-24:
99% use a mobile phone
93% have a social media profile
79% watched streamed content
47% played games online
1% did not use the internet
75+:
81% use a mobile phone
20% have a social media profile
22% watch streamed content
5% played games online
48% don't use the internet
Gender Divide
Games
Internet Advising Bureau (2014)
women= 52% of those who play digital games (due to popularity of smartphone which has extended availability of games beyond dedicated consoles)
mobile puzzles e.g. Candy Crush, Angry Birds= particularly attractive to females as they were free, intuitive, did not require much learning time
Olsen et al (2008):
boys more likely to play violent video games because they want to express fantasies of power and glory. Mastering exciting and realistic environments= can release anger/ stress. Girls also increasingly using video games to express and cope with anger
Hartmann and Klimmt (2006):
female gamers generally dislike violent content, preferred social interaction aspect of games
Royse et al (2007):
studied female gamers that played 3-10 hours a week, found they were mainly motivated by the technical competition offered by games that allowed them to challenge gender norms
Usage
OFCOM (2015):
males more likely than females to use the internet
Li and Kirkup (2007):
men more likely than women to use chatrooms and email, as well as computer games on consoles (e.g. xbox) Men are also more likely to have a positive attitude towards the internet, spend more time on it and are more confident on how to use it extensively.
But women more likely to go online to use social media than men (67% vs 60%). In 2017, 81% of women had a social media profile, compared to 74% of men.
There are differences in the products consumed by men and women: men more likely to own tablets, game consoles, women more likely to own e-readers
Class Divide
Helpser (2011):
there is a digital underclass, characterised by unemployment, lower education and low digital skills. Those with lower education levels are falling behind other groups in access to the internet.
This group has increased internet usage at a much slower rate than other social groups- members who do have internet access rate their skills as poorer than other more educated groups
Less ability to navigate use of technology and new media= less access to m/c office jobs, difficulty applying for job seekers/ benefits as these are online processes
Socio-economic Differences in Usage
AB groups
97% use a mobile phone (75% smartphones)
73% watch on-demand or streamed content
74% have a social media profile
6% do not use the internet
DE groups
93% use a mobile phone (54% smartphones)
46% watch on-demand or streamed content
56% have a social media profile
37% correctly identify advertising on Google
23% do not use the interent
Global Divide
Internet Usage
Europe and North America made up
28% of the world’s internet users but only 16% of the world’s population.
Meanwhile
9.5% of the world’s internet users are in Africa despite making up 16% of the world’s population
.
Individuals using the internet per 100 habitants:
Developed Countries: 78.3/ 100
World average: 40.4
Developing countries: 32.4
World Economic Forum (WEF)
: in 2014 divide between developed nations and developing nations was worsening. The developed world has greater access to mobile broadband and internet than the less developed.
World internet usage grew by around
900% from 2000 to 201
5.
3.2 billion people used the internet by the end of June 2015
(about 45% of the world’s population)
There is a significant digital divide between the information-rich and the information-poor countries. New media, esp the internet= used most heavily in the Western world. Many in the world’s poorest countries lack access due to poverty- country lacks resources to build digital networks required, private businesses won’t provide them as there isn’t enough demand to make a profit.
Language and cultural barriers can be a problem- 85% of websites are in English, most web content is generated in the USA and Western Europe. This creates global inequalities, and a new digital underclass who are excluded from the new media.
GSMA
2014: estimated 72% of Africans use mobile phones but this creates a false impression of a digital revolution
masks that mobile connectivity is still limited
only 18% of these phones are smartphones
regional disparities within Africa e.g. only 5% mobile ownership in Eritrea
language is primarily English but many African countries have high illiteracy levels
Statistics on Usage
Around 70% of UK adults have a social media account and about one in every five minutes spent online is on social media
2019: 87% of UK households had internet access, compared with 54% in 2005.
adults who use the internet spent, on average, 3 hours 15 minutes a day online (September 2018)
Helpser
: healthy, young, well-educated people with higher income and professionals are more likely to be frequent users of the new media