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approaches - Coggle Diagram

- - - - frueds throw was based on intensive study of single individuals who were often in therapy. although Freuds observations were detailed and carefully recorded, critics have suggested that it is not possible to make such universal claims about human nature based on studies of such small numbers of individuals who were psychologically abnormal.
      - also highly subjective, it is unlikely that any other researcher would've came up with the same conclusions in cases such as Little Hans. Freuds methods lack scientific rigour.
    - - freud brought to world a new form of therapy, pscyhoanalysis. employing a range of techniques to access the unconscious such as hypnosis and dream analysis. although freudian therapists have claimed success with many clients experiencing from mild neuroses, psychoanalysis has been criticised as inappropriate even ahrmful for those experiencing more serious mental disorders such as schizophrenia
  - - - phallic stage, little boys feel incestuous feelings towards their mother and murderous hatred towards father
    - - penis envy- they desire father and hate mother- freud was less clear on the process in girls but they are thoiught to give up this desire over time and replace with desire for baby.
- - - - attention
      - retention
      - motor reproduction
      - motivation
    - - children much more likely to imitate thebeahviour of people they identify with, role models.
      - possess similar characteristics, attractive and have high status.
  - - - the bobo dolls main purpose is to strike it, therefore the children were simply behaving in a way they thought was expected, thus the research may tell us little about how children actually learn aggression I everyday life.
    - - little reference to the impact of biological factors on social learning. one consistent finding was that boys were more aggressive than girls regardless of the specifics of the experimental situation. this may be explained by hormonal factors, such as differences in levels of testosterone, a hormone that is present in greater quantise in boys and linked to aggressive behaviour. this means that this important influence on behaviour is not accounted for in SLT
    - - reciprocal determinism- we are not merely influenced by our external environment but also exert an influence upon it, through the behaviours we choose to perform. the element of choice suggests that there is some free will in the way we behave.
- - - - claimed that issues of worthlessness and low self esteem have roots in childhood and can be explained by a lack of unconditional positive regard. fro example setting boundaries or limits on their love 'I will only love you if...'
      - rogers saw one of his roles as an effective therapist as being able to provide his client with unconditional positive regard that they lacked as a child.
  - - - advocate holism, subjective experience can only be understood by considering the whole person. this approach may have more validity than its alternatives by considering meaningful behaviours within its real-life context.
    - - approach has had limited impact within psychology due to it lacking a sound evidence base, also it hs been described as a loss set of abstract ideas rather than a comprehensive theory
- - - - ✅scientific credibility
        
        behaviourism able to bring language and methods of the natural sciences to psychology by focusing on the measurement of observable behaviour within highly controlled lab settings.
        
        behaviourism influential in the development of psychology as a scientific discipline giving it credibility and status
      - ✅real world application
        
        operant conditioning is the basis of token economy systems, that have been used successfully in institutions such as prisons and psychiatric hospitals. rewarding appropriate behaviour with tokens that can be exchanged for privileges, HOWEVER UNETHICAL
      - ❌mechanistic view of behaviour
        
        behaviourist perspective, animals are seen as passive and machine like, with little or no conscious insight into their behaviour. other approaches such as social learning and cognitive approach have emphasised the importance of mental events, this suggests people play a more active role than the behaviourist suggest. limitation as learning theory may apply less to human than to animal behaviour.
      - environmental determinism
        
        sees all behaviour as determined by past experiences that have been conditioned. skinner suggested everything we do is the sum total of our reinforcement history. this ignores any possible influence that free will may have on behaviour. skinner suggested that any sense of free will is simply an illusion. according to skinner, our past conditioning history determined the outcome of any decision 'we make'.