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1640-46 ECW - Coggle Diagram

- - - - He was arrested and impeached on these charges - endeavouring to subvert the ancient and fundamental laws and government of England and Ireland, an arbitrary and tyrannical government in Irelnad, Provoking war against the Scots
      - as he had royal support, they found it hard to impeach him
      - he was well known for his ruthlessness in Ireland, and parliament feared that he could bring an Irish army to help Charles
      - also rumours he was working with the spanish
      - in the ned his fate was sealed by Charles failure to forcefully remove him from the tower, The very strong ant-strafford faction in Parliament, and the increasingly unruly London mob
- - - - laws against jesuits and recusants beenforced
      - five members be pardoned
      - Two houses approve all privy councillors
      - reformation of the church as suggested by parliament
      - parliament to supervise the upbringing and marriage of his kids
- - - - many had a long standing loyalty to the monarch, and were propelled to support he king by their fear of religious radicalism
      - Constitutional royalists were royalists who had been MP's, so had a fair amount od power
      - they had more experienced soldiers, and especially cavalry
    - - resources, they controlled the north and the west, the less profitable parts of the country, so could not levy as much tax, they also did not have London and lacked a major port
      - lack of clear cut leadership + Charles poor leader
  - - - many men were strongly motivated by religion
      - they held London, they controlled the major port, and could raise money through import duties etc, alongside the arteries around London such as the tower
      - they also held the majority of the navy, apaert from 5 ships, they could prevent Charles receiving his from stand put Charles under siege from sea
    - - less experiences soldiers
      - took up resources to control mobs in London
- - - - Ruperts intial cavalry charge swept the p. away, however he carried on too far, allowing them to regroup and retreat
      - `Charles them didnt pressure them, and waited at Oxford
      - this represented Charles'. best chance to win the war and he wasted it, as without London, he had no chance in the long run
  - - - parliament sought allies to break the stalemate, and got a deal with the Scottish presbytarians, and received 21,000 men
    - - the Royalists only had 18,000 men compared to Parliament’s 28,000 making victory already difficult
      - Royalist troops began to stand down on 2nd July as the day was ending but then the Earl of Leven (Parliamentary) ordered his troops into battle and catches the Royalists by surprise
      - The battle itself was very confused as at various points different people on each sides withdrew from battle believing the other had won
      - Cromwell and Fairfax were very strong generals and they made Parliament a lot stronger and they helped organise their armies a lot better
      - 4500 royalists dead and 1500 captured
    - - Arguably one of the most important factors in the royalist victory
      - the New Model Army, was a sizeable factor that contributed to the Royalists losing the ECW. In 1645, Cromwell created the New Model Army, an extremely effective fighting force. They were religiously motivated, operated under strict discipline, used a merit-based promotion system, and comprised of 10 cavalry regiments, 12 infantry regiments, and 1 dragoon regiment. The result was an army which was able to dominate the Royalists at Marston Moor in 1644 and Newbury in 1645.
    - - he failed to create an effective chain of command
        
        Charles failed to resolve the personal problems between Prince Rupert and Lord Digby, leading to a lack of communication between them.
        
        His communication with generals was flawed, for example on 14th June 1644, Charles sent a cryptic letter to Prince Rupert, seemingly impossible to decipher, at a time when clarity of communication was necessary to save the Royalist Cause.
      - he never set out an overall strategy to win the war, and took what advice seemed most persuasive at the time
    - - outnumbered wit 8000 men facing 14000
      - descivive move made by Cromwell, who was able to double back for another cavalry charge
      - opened the way for the NMA to move west
      - as Charles fled he left his carriage and baggage, the royalists were able to uncover much useful propaganda
    - - from the outset parliament controlled the wealthier parts of the country, and were never challenged
      - They could raise loans from the city of London
      - they also taxed essentials such as beer salt and meat
      - all taxation did have the effect of turning some people against them
      - eharles did not tax nearly as much, which lead to his troops being underpaid and underfed
    - - on 5 may 1646 he surrendered to the scots