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biopsychology, 800px-SensoryNeuron, 800px-MotorNeuron, R, THE NERVOUS…
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Sensory neuron
- carrys messages from PNS to the CNS
Motor neuron
- Connects CNS to muscles and glands
Relay neuron
- Connects sensory neurons to motor and other relay neurons
- THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
specialised network of cells that communicates using electrical and chemical signals
it has two functions
- collect process and respond to information in the environment
- to co-ordinate the working of organs and cells in the body
- THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
- Made up of the brain and spinal cord
- the brain, centre of conscious awareness, divided into two hemispheres
- The spinal cord passes messages to and from the brain
connects nerves to the PNS
reasonable for reflexes
- THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
- The PNS transmits message's via neuron's to and from the CNS
its divided into...
- the autonomic nervous system, which governs vital functions in the body, such as breathing arousal and digestion
- this is further spit into sympathetic nervous system, (fight or flight) and the parasympathetic (rest and digest)
- The somatic nervous system, governs muscle movement and receives info from sensory receptors
- The structure of neurons
- The cell body includes the nucleus which contains genetic material
- dendrites carry impulses from neurons to the cell body
- the axon carry's impulse away from the cell body done the neurone, the axon is protected by the myelin sheath
Synaptic transmisson
- 1st, the action potential reaches the axon terminal
- 2nd this then causes the synaptic vesicles to fuse with the pre-synaptic membrane
- 3rd The vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synapse
- 4th the neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse
- 5th, the neurotransmitter's bind with receptors on the post-synapse neurons
- 6th, the neuron will then fire is there is more exhibitory neurons than inhibitory neurotransmitters (the net effect)
( an inhibitory neuron is serotonin and a excitatory is adrenaline)
- Localisation is a theory that different areas of the brain are responsible for different behaviours
- The brain has two hemisphere's, activity in the right side of the body is controlled by the left hemisphere and vis versa, language is situated in the left hemisphere
- The motor cortex is situated in the frontal lobes and is responsible for voluntary movement
- the somatosensory is situated in the front of both parietal lobes and is responsible for collecting sensory info from the skin
- the visual area is in the occipital lobes, responsible for processing visual info
- The auditory area is in the temporal lobe this analysis's speech based info
- Brocas area
situated in the left frontal lobe in the left hemisphere, responsible for speech production, damage to this area causes brocas aphasia, this will result in slowed speech and affected fluency
- Wernicke area
situated in left frontal lobe in left hemisphere, the Wernicke area is responsible for language production. Damage to this area will cause Wernicke aphasia, this would allow the person to still speak but may not be able to understand language they may produce nonsense words
- this is the idea that the two parts of the brain functionally different. For example the left hemisphere is dominant in speech and language whereas the right hand hemisphere is dominate in motor skills
- the two hemispheres communicate through the corpus callosum
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- spit brain research
- sperry and gazzaniga
11 split brain patients studied in which an image was flashed to there RVF and processed in the LH and vis versa
- They found when they flashed the picture of a dog in there RVF to be processed to their LH, they could describe the image. However when they flashed a cat to there LVF to RH they were unable to identify it, this is because the RH has no language centre
- Plasticity
the brain can change and adapt as a result of experience and new learning, new connections are made
- Research, Maguire studied the brains of London taxi drivers, they found a sig amount of grey matter in the hippocampus after a MRI scan. They repeated this on a set of control participants. They found that the grey matter posterior hippocampi in taxi drivers was higher than the control patients. This change was caused by there extensive knowledge of spatial navigation. This shows new synaptic connections where made in the people with more experience
- Functional recovery
this is a from of plasticity, the brain is able to redistribute or transfer functions from the damaged areas to undamaged areas
- it does this by forming new synaptic connections near the damaged area
- axonal sprouting, growth of new nerve endings connects to undamaged nerve cells form new neural pathways
- denervation super sensitivity, other axons which do similar jobs become aroused
- recruitment of homologous opposite side of the brain still performs
- FMRIs
measures blood flow when a person performs a task
creates a dynamic 3D map of the brain as it detects radio waves from changing magnetic fields
detects the areas which are rich in oxygen thus are active
- non invasive
- 1-4 temporal resolution
- 1-2 spatial resolution
- does not provide a direct measure of neural activity
- EEGS
measures electrical activity through electrodes attached to the scalp, small electrical charges are detected indicating the level of activity
- non invasive but uncomfortable
- 1-10 temporal resolution
- only measures general regions, this can be difficult to pin point specific regions
- ERP
the electrophysiological response of the brain from a sensory cognitive or motor event
brainwaves which are triggered by certain events
- non invasive
- 1-10 temporal resolution
- Post mortem examinations
researcher's analysed a dead persons brain to determine certain behaviours they displayed during there lifetime can be linked to structural abnormalities
- invasive
