Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Confrontation and cooperation - Coggle Diagram
Confrontation and cooperation
Sino Soviet split/ Relations with China
Sino-Soviet Pact
Sino Soviet Pact: 14 February 1950. Mutual defence against US + Japan; agreed not to sign hostilities against each other. Raw materials in exchange for military assistance
Khrushchev's secret speech: 25 February 1956: Denounced Stalins policies; angered Mao as had been allies and saw it as a personal attack on China
Great Leap Forward, 1958. Mao followed Stalinist ideas which failed. Mao continued to critisize Khrushchevs economic policies, highlights start of tensions
Mao critisized Russia backing down in CMC - accused of becoming capitalist - ideological differences
Sino Indian War, 20 October to 20 November 1962: China invaded India over the McMahon line while world distracted by CMC. USSR offered aid to India. Ended with ceasefire
1963: Revealed Chinese diplomacy to lure E European states away from the USSR. In 1964, Romania neutral
In March 1963, demanded territory such as Siberia back, claiming it was Chinese.
Cultural Revolution, 1966: Wish to strengthen ideologies, many murdered for their choice of clothes, hair etc. 25k to 2 million killed. Over 10 years. Mao's little red book outlined these communist ideas with over 1 billion copies sold,
January 1967: Red Guards surround Soviet Embassy to prevent influence from Soviets. Shows complete lack of relations
Ussuri River Dispute: March to September 1969: Open conflict between Soviets and China over demanded territory of Demansky island. 658k Soviet troops vs 814k Chinese troops. 60 Soviet casualties and 800 chinese casualties. First physical conflict showing breakdwon in relations. Soviet permier visited Beijing in Sept 1969, showing slight cooperation
Sino Soviet split provided an opportunity for improved Sino-US relations
April 1971: Ping Pong Diplomacy: US ping pong team invited to China. Symbolic of diplomacy
July 1971, Kissinger visits China secretly. Shows cooperation between 2.
Artichoke approach from July 1969: Gradual peeling/lifting of restrictions such as trade restrictions
21st February 1972 - Nixon becomes 1st US president to visit China: showing cooperation. Agreement made that neither should seek dominance of pacific and recognised Taiwan as Chinese island.
Led to cooperation between US+USSR triangle policy- maintaining relations and balance of power
Obstacles to rapproachement: Ideological differences, US recognition of Taiwan and seat on UN security council, US-Soviet relations
Nixon's policies in Vietnam
Determined to achieve 'peace with honour' - ensuring an independent South Vietnam
1969, Nixon ended exemption of students in draft; fuelled anti-war movement - Kent State University shooting 4 May 1960
June 1972: Pentagon Papers published - revealed US lied and left Nixon with only option to negotiate a settlement
Madman Theory
: pressure applied and used threat of nuclear action to force something to happen/best outcome. Used on Hanoi to get them to start negotiations. Couldn't invade North due to Chinese/Soviet involvement
Vietnamisation
: Announced November 1969. Withdrawal of US forces and replacement by South Vietnamese. Strengthening of Southern forces so they could handle the war. Strategy to encourage negotiation.
Vietnamisation
Announced November 1969. Troops withdrawn throughout 1972 - last in March 1974
Withdrawal of US forces to replace with South Vietnamese and strengthening of South Vietnamese.
Quieten domestic opinion and encourage negotiation
Built up ARVN - increased 82k in 1968 to 1 million by 1970
Impact was tested in spring offensive 1972: South had only 8k casualties but the north 5x this.
Supported by Operation Linebacker: May to October 1972: 150k tonnes of bombs dropped on North
Vietnamisation made ARVN dependent on US. ARVN casualties increased. Didn't aid 'peace with honour'
Extension of War into Laos and Cambodia
Cambodia
March 1969: Operation Menu: Bombing offensive in parts of Cambodia regarded as safe by North Vietnamese + Vietcong
Operation menu hoped to sever supply lines on Ho Chi Minh trails, and to pressure a peace settlement
Estimated 50-15000 deaths
Consequences of extension into Cambodia
Ability of Vietcong to operate in Cambodia was undermined, supplies and equipment destroyed
No strategic gains for US
North Vietnamese moved deeper into Cambodia, and strengthened their support for the Khmer Rouge. Committed US to safeguarding Cambodian government against Khmer Rouge - backfired vietnamisation
Increased opposition to the war
Laos
Congress had banned US extension into Laos
Operation Lam Son 719: February 1971: Plan to support ARVN through air strikes and to sever Ho Chi Minh trail. Only 30k ARVN attacked, which highlighted weakness. Spurred North to attack south and did not aid peace with honour
Paris Peace Talks
Began May 1968
Talks over Vietnam
Backed with hints of madman; issue of who would be represented
US demanded North withdrawal from S Vietnam, Saigon free of communists
Hanoi demanded US withdrawal from S Vietnam, communist participation in Southern government
Feb 1970 Kissinger met Le Duc Tho - discussions continued and stalled Nov 1971.
October 1972
Agreement made. North moderated positions to wanting removal of Thieu. Agreement was: ceasefire beginning January 1973, withdrawal of US forces within 60 days and free elections to be held
South Vietnam
not
involved in talks- suggested 69 changes but these were rejected
Cooperation
Attitudes after CMC
JFK's attitude
General Johnson report in 1963: in event of nuclear war, the two countries would have combined 93 million casualties. Acknowledges USSR aware of consequences
Developed idea of mutually assured destruction. Beneficial to be equal in nuclear capacity. MAD was deterrent and reason to maintain a larger stockpile
JFK wanted to assure no spread of nuclear weapons to volatile countries. Began negotiations with other powers - but assassination prevented this
Khrushchevs attitude
Presented withdrawal from CMC as a success. Praised in Pravda for saving world
Wanted an open soviet-us relationship based on mutual restraint
Also wished to limit no of countries with nuclear weapons. Ousted from power in 1964
Moscow Washington Hotline
June 1963
Direct communication between leaders of US and USSR. 24 hours a day, 7 days a week
Aim to avoid delays seen in CMC; didnt have to wait for a series of exchanges. Encrypted messages drafted.
Symbolised a new spirit of cooperation
Not used until 1967 (Johnson in 6 day war) so limited cooperation short term
The Moscow Test Ban Treaty
August 1963
Above ground, underwater and outerspace testing prohibited.
Signed by US, UK and USSR. France and China did not sign so cooperation limited
Did not limit underground tests- limited cooperation
Showed cooperation and understanding of danger of nuclear weapons
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
July 1968
Agreement to not share, provide information or give control of nuclear weapons to other
Agreed to not aid any other nation in nuclear technology or to form alliances for nuclear capacity
Did not allow continued development in countries that already had it
Most UN countries signed - not China or France
Cooperation and understanding of dangers of nuclear technology
Cut back in materials for nuclear weapons
NNPT initiated further talks
Nuclear weapons were expensive - if both sides limited would benefit economically as nuclear race had cost enormously
Nixon elected in 1969. SALT talks began which limited number of nuclear weapons, improved US international position and opportunity for USSR to focus of internal affairs
Signed 26 May 1972
USSR
Pressures on USSR
October 1964: Brezhnev becomes leader of USSR
Khrushchev had been replaced as party insiders planned his removal in 1964. Retired and cited poor health and age as reasoning
Khrushchev had been seen as era allowing differentiation in communism. Whereas Brezhnev was era of Russia reasserting itself as communism leader
Brezhnevs ideas initially backfired with continuing economic depression and lack of consumer goods meant that these movements were among workers and intellectuals
Czechoslovakian Crisis, 1968
January 1968, Dubcek appointed leader of Czechoslovakia
In 1963 Czechoslovakia had reported negative economic growth and reconsidered its relationship with USSR and communist party. Ota Sik proposed economic reforms such as central targets, allowing individual enterprise, consumer rights. Communist party would not allow this, arguments gained support
Prague Spring, April 1968
Dubcek announce programme of political reform 'socialism with a human face'. Eliminated press censorship, allowed trade unions
Dubcek replaced individuals that didn't support reforms and did not consult the USSR. USSR watched carefully with no immediate action
Dubceks action programme allowed..... freedom of speech, press and movement. Freedom for economic enterprises. New associations - Club of Non-Committed party members and Cub-K31, an organisation of former political prisoners. Offered sense of renewal and hope in czechoslovakia
To protect reforms, Dubcek assured the USSR that Czechoslovakia would remain loyal to the Warsaw pact. Eastern European nations became alarmed but lack of opposition allowed reforms to continue
Many student demonstrations and growing unrest in 1968
Soviet Invasion
Warsaw pact countries conducted military exercises in Czechoslovakia in June 1948. USSR, Bulgaria, E Germany, Hungary and Poland
20th-21 August 1968: 500000 (500k) Warsaw Pact troops invaded czechoslovakia
Dubcek and 3 other leaders arrested and sent to Moscow. Czechoslovakians didn't fight and instead placed flowers, as would have allowed excuse for war
Had been diplomatic calls between Dubcek and Brezhnev in Aug 1968.
Warsaw pact faced no international actions. China increased defence and China+Romania protested
Invasion undermined any change through party led reform. Dubcek remained in power until 1969, until replacement found (Husak)
Brezhnev Doctrine, 1968
Soviet foreign policy. Called for use of Warsaw pact troops to intervene in any Eastern Bloc nation which was seen to comprimise communist rule of dominance/influence
Used in Czechoslovakia, but doctrine imposed later in 1968
Set tighter ideological discipline, rejection of experimentation in media and harsh dealing of political protests
Invasion increased Chinese fear, who increased defence. Ussuri 1969, brink of soviet war.