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Social Reaction and other social processes Theories - Coggle Diagram
Social Reaction and other social processes Theories
Labeling Theory and the Societal reaction Perspective
Frank Tannenbaum, Edwin Lemert, and Howard S. Becker
Origin in Symbolic interaction
human interaction, and the meanings and
interpretation associated with human communication.
Dramatization of Evil
Frank Tannenbaum
(Labeling perspective 1939)
Labeling are long-lasting, impossible to eradicate
self-fulfiling prophecy
continues a life of deviance and crime
Primary and Secondary Deviance
The work of Edwin M. Lemert 1951
Primary deviance
the most of us have experienced, such as occasionally drinking alcohol underage, and driving over the speed limit.
Infrequent behavior, individuals do not thing or define themseleves as deviant
Secondary deviance
Immersion into a life of deviance
life and identity are organized around the facts of deviance as opposed to his actions
Extension of the Theorie of Tannenbaum
Naïve check
forgers
just occasionaly crime, the fail to develop an identity as a career criminal
they accept their deviant status, and build their lives around it.
Moral Entrepreneurs
Howard S. Becker
moral entrepreneurs
(upper social classes)
they have the power society to determine what is deviant
impacting the lower classthat will get labeled
are moved to help the less fortunate
Model:
Pure deviants
get caught and have labels
Conforming
not deviant and not labeld
Secret deviants
get not arrested
Shaming and Restorative Justice
John Braithwaite
Individuals who violate laws should be made to face up to those they have harmed, and to the community around them
Disintegrative shaming:
NO positive avenues within society
Reintegrative shaming
intended to straighten out offenders and reintegrate them back into society
concept of restorative justice
(RS):1998 Quinn
-
victims
must be made whole again by reducing the harm that has been done to them,
-
Offenders
must be restored by reintegrating them back into the community
Face-to-face encounters of victims with offenders in the hope of making positive changes in both
Social Processes Theories
Edwin Sutherland : deviance was
a result of learning.
Criminal behavior is learned- not inherited
Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a
process of communication
The principal of criminal behavior occurs with
intimate personal groups
The learning includes (a) techniques
of committing the crime
The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes as favorable or unfavorable. People are surrounded by individuals who support laws and those who violate them.
A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions
favorable to violation of law
Learning criminality entails deep immersion
into interactions with individuals who favor violation of the law.
involves all of the mechanisms that are
involved in any other learning.
criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, like noncriminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values.
Social Learning Theory (SLT)
You may have close friends who drank underage and who smoked marijuana, but you never did. Interaction and learning in-and-of themselves may not be enough to get deviance.
Individual is more likely to commit violations when
He or she differentially associates with others who commit, model, and support violations of social and legal norms.
The violative behavior is differentially reinforced over behavior in conformity to the norm.
He or she is more exposed to and observes more deviant than conforming models.
His or her own learned definitions are favorable toward committing deviant acts.
Akers identified two types of definitions that favor deviant or criminal behavior.
Positive definition
s involve attitudes and values that raise the antisocial behavior to a higher moral status.
Tony Soprano and his crew of mobsters believed their criminal actions were morally proper and defensible.
Neutralizing definitions
are mere excuses or justifications for violative behavior. Antisocial acts as undesirable, but excusable or justified given the circumstances.
all types of legitimate people such as police officers, judges, and high-ranking corporate officials ommit crimes, so why shouldn’t they?
Social Structure and Social Learning Theory (SSSL)
1998
Akers identified four structural factors that impact behavior
differential social location
groups individuals belong to (family, peer group and so on..)
antisocial conduct
including anomie, social disorganization, and patriarchy.
differential social organization
Includes variables such as age composition and population density.
differential location in the social structure
Refers to social and demographic factors that identify the position in the social system: age, class, gender, marital status, and race.