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Biomedical Engineering, Responsibilities - Coggle Diagram
Biomedical Engineering
Industry:
Companies
- ResMed, Corin, Cochlear, AbilityMade, & Boston Scientific
- Interesting note; some biomedical engineers in these companies actually look in on surgeries and assist in incorporation of their devices
Concept Drawings: Important inclusions to drawings include;
- labels of features, materials, views
- a range of views e.g. front, top, back, left, 3D
- contextual view if its hard to understand how a product will fit into a larger environment
- a key, alongside units and scale
Literature Reviews: tips and tricks include making a spreadsheet to hold the main information being put into the final review. This spreadsheet would include different columns to more easily organise key information
Responsibilities
Medical Recalls:
- DePuy ASR Hip Recall; device used metal on metal as opposed to the usual metal on polyethylene approach --> metal fragments broken off from rubbing entered users bloodstream, causing complications
Human Body
Medical Imaging
Functional: includes Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) both primarily image function, and to a lesser degree, structure, anatomy, morphology.
Article: assessment of rodent behaviour and neurochemistry using a miniature positron emission tomograph (PET)
- no need to anaesthesia --> more natural study of behaviour
- apparatus, however, may cause fear in rodents, therefore divergent neural activity
- intrusive, costly, therefore likely not feasible for human use
Structural: include Computed Tomography (CT), and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) devices. Both primarily image structure, anatomy, morphology, and, to a limited extent, function.
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Biomaterials:
- material intended to interface with biological systems to evaluate, treat, augment or replace any tissue, organ, or function of the body
- polymer, metallic, bioceramic, etc.
Nanomaterials: materials in which one of its unit dimensions is in the 'nano' range between 1 and 100 nm the
- very high surface area/volume ratio
- can enter cells and interact with organelles
Article; Gold Nanoparticles - photothermal therapy; light on nanoparticle used to produce heat to kill cancer cells and photodynamic therapy; uses radiation, infrared light to cause drugs attached to nanoparticles to activate, then are activated to kill cancer cells in target zone
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Bioelectronics:
- electrical signals
- devices; pacemaker, ECG, etc.
Example of Bioelectronic device;
- Pacemakers; function as a device with flexible, insulated leads attached to one or multiple chambers of the heart, and can help adjust the heart rate by delivering electrical impulses directly to it
Biomechanics: is the study of how mechanical aspects of biological systems may be structured, function, and move
Fluid Dynamics:
Bernoulli's Principle
- useful for finding units such as blood pressure to do with liquids
- aortic stenosis (narrowing of aortic valves)
- laminar flow vs turbulent
ANATOMY
Sleep Apnoea: CPAP machine to provide constant air pressure to allow for better breathing when asleep.
- warning signs for sleep apnoea include; snoring and being of an unhealthy weight
Tissue Engineering: application of engineering and life sciences to development of biological substitutes for restoration, maintenance, or improvement of tissue function
- stem cells; pluripotent, multipotent
Aortic Valve Disease;
- aortic valve disease is a type of heart valve disease, where the valve between the left ventricle and aorta doesnt work properly
- biomaterials; mechanical metal valve replacements from stainless steel, titanium, silicone, etc.
can use cow or pig tissue as replacement
Regulatory Affairs: Engineering codes of ethics - through Engineers Australia, however more important to follow 'spirit of the code'
- demonstrate integrity
- practise competently
- exercise leadership
- promote sustainability
Medical devices require a Design History File (DHF) and Device Master Record (DMR), and must go through verification and validation processes
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Ethics:
Theories of ethics - egoism, utilitarianism, duty, rights, and virtue ethics
Resolving ethical dilemmas - line drawing method, flowcharting
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