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demographics pt1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - increased educational opportunities has meant delaying childbearing
      - more women in paid employment, plus laws outlawing unequal pay and sex discrimination
      - access to abortion and reliable contraception, giving women more control over their fertility
    - - infant mortality rate : measures the number of infants who die before their first birthday per 1000 per year
      - less children being replaced to those who have been lost, if infants survive, parents will have fewer of them
      - reasons why? : improved housing, reduced infectious diseases, better nutrition, improved healthcare
        
        A02 mass immunisation against childhood diseases like measles
    - - in terms of family sizes, there has been a shift from 'quantity' to 'quality'
    - - laws banning child labour meaning they are remaining economically dependant is for longer periods of time
      - financial pressures due to the cost of living increases, means parents now feel less able to have a large family
- - - - older people consume a larger proportion of services like healthcare
    - - generally women, as they live longer than men
    - - non working old population are economically dependant, increasing the burden of the working population
  - - - being excluded from production by compulsory retirement (stigmatised identity)
      - marxists : the old are of no use to capitalism, meaning that the state is unwilling to support them adequately and so family often take responsibility for their care
      - A03 postmodernism : consumption becomes the key to our identity. define ourselves by what we consume (age no longer matters)
- - - - improved medical knowledge about antibiotics, blood transfusion, immunisation, etc
    - - obesity has increased, moving towards an 'american' culture
      - smoking has decreased
    - - A02 clean air act, reducing air pollution after the smog of 1952
      - A02 decline in manual occupations such as mining