Control Theories
Why Individuals do not commit crimes or become deviant?
Causes of Delinquency (1969) Travis Hirischi
Key elements: 4 types of positive bonding to social order - will reduce the chances youth will become juvenile delinquents.
commitment
Involvement
attachment
belief
close to positive others (perents, peers, school)
commitment is conforming to social
norms and to conventional society.
spending positive time in conventional activities including work, sport, recreation, hobbies…
supporting the laws and the legal system
A General Theory of Crime (1990) Michael R. Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi:
Broke away from Hirchi’s earlier thinking that crime was a result of weakened bonds to conventional society.
crime is a result of low self-control FOR ALL TYPE OF CRIME!
CONTROL BALANCE THEORY (1995) CHARLES R. TITTLE
All individuals experience some form of control over their lives.
control balace
No deviance
STRUCTURAL CRIMINOLOGY 1998 JOHN HAGAN
Different expirience between Boys and girls in the types of socialization. Both patriarchal and egalitarian families are involved in reproducing gender roles
Patriarchal families
Equalitarian families
Daughters severely controlled by their mothers
educated to be feminine and to accept their limited roles in life.
Boys, less monitored or supervised. More risk to become deviant
both boys and girls are taught by their parents that risk taking is acceptable, and since mothers also work full-time outside the home and spend less time supervising their children, both girls and boys may engage in juvenile delinquent behaviours.
control imbalance
People controlled or are controlled more than they control
Deviance
Repression
Autonomie (controll surplus)
Parents are responsible for low self-control and the criminality of their children.
The person who cares for the child will watch his behavior and correct him if he’s doing things he shouldn’t do. The result is a child more capable of delaying gratification,
criminals lack restraint: they lack control over their inhibitions and desire immediate gratification.