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San Topics - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 'vaygu'a are placed on the forehead, on the chest of a dying person, they are rubbed on his stomach and dangled on his nose. They are his supreme comfort'*
  - - - 'reciprocity is involved with considerations of personal sentiment, ambition, grievance, obligation and manliness' as well as 'cultural values' and notions of balance in relationships
    - - Sialo's story: 'he presents the chronology of his happy marriage as a continuous situation of cooperation and exchange'
    - - 'hospitality, the giving and sharing of food to a guest, differs from sharing in that it does not involve or imply a particularly special closeness between the people involved', giving actually shows a 'social distance'
      - 'the manner in which Nokobe presented his food suggested more than merely a return for Seli's generosity. It was a formal statement of the obligation of friendship he had incurred through Seli on his visit to the Kaluli'
    - - 'waited no matter how close he had got, until he had thrown at them first'
      - mud ball situation 'clearly more than a game. It is a social and psychological struggle set and resolved within deeply sensed cultural forms'
  - - - Mauss 'argues that gift exchange is an exchange of inalienable things between persons who are in a state of reciprocal dependence'
    - - 'the gift economy, then, is a debt economy'
        
        'the aim of a transactor in such an economy is to aquire as many gift-debtors as he possibly can and not to maximise profit, as it is in a commodity economy'
      - desire 'the personal relationship that the exchange of gifts creates, and not the things themselves'
  - - - 'the object, so soon as it steps forth as a gift, is changed into something transcendent'
      - 'given the supposed materialism of American society, one would expect people to stress the monetary dimension of their gift relationships'
    - - 'people act to appropriate the commodity, to stamp it with their identity and to convert it into a possession'
    - - 'the good gift is one that reflects or expressed the giver... and if it is good in that sense then the gift is also morally good'
- - - - 'an anthropology limited by the assumptions with which it first began and so unable to transcend the biases its questions presuppose'
    - - 'if innate male aggression and dominance are at the root of female oppression, then the feminist program would logically require either the extermination of the offending sex, or else a eugenics project to modify its character'
      - 'in reading through these works, one begins to have a sense of a systematic social apparatus which takes up females as raw materials and fashions domesticated women as products. Neither Freud nor Levi-Strauss sees his work in this light'
      - 'to explain women's usefulness to capitalism is one thing. To argue that this usefulness explains the genesis of the oppression of women is quite another'
      - 'there are other questions to ask of a marriage system than whether or not it exchanges women'
      - among the Azande, young wealthy men can pay for a boy to become their wife while he waits to come of age to marry a woman and ‘in Dahomey, a woman could turn herself into a husband if she possessed the necessary bridewealth’
  - - - 'hegemony of the gene' leading to the 'medicalization of kinship'?
      - 'on a societal level, the frontier known as 'new genetics' is arguably an old frontier bordering on eugenics'
      - 'I became interested in adoptees searching for their birth parents because of frequent reports in the mass media and on internet sites suggesting that they, too, are guided by genetic inheritance ideologies'
        
        'view of human beings as passive creatures whose interests and personalities are transmitted entirely genetically'
    - - 'for over a century some have labelled homosexuality a perversion of nature comprised of unnatural acts' that have 'little or no legal status'
      - 'I attend a ritual celebration of the bond between two lesbian lovers. The two have created their own ceremony, and make it clear that they are seeking support and recognition for their relation, not the sanction of church or state'
      - 'the lesbian baby boom represents a partial reincorporation of biology into chosen families'
    - - Bush's 1989 Presidential Nomination Acceptance Speech: 'at the bright center is the individual, and radiating out from him or her is the family, the essential unit of closeness and love'
      - Fran: 'give them the ultimate gift', Carolyn: it's a gift of love'
      - 'view that surrogate motherhood is symptomatic of the dissolution of the American family' but motivations stated 'reflect culturally accepted ideas about reproduction, motherhood, and family and are fully reinforced by the programs'
      - Cybil: 'Ann is my baby; she was conceived in my heart before Lisa's body', Celeest: 'she was emotionally pregnant, and I was just pyhysically pregnant'
      - 'the father's role is relegated to secondary status in the relationship triangle' but 'allowing paternal certainty to remain a mystery represents an attempt to redress symbolically the imbalance created between wide and husband through the surrogate arrangement'
      - for those 'denied access' to higher status living, 'surrogacy thus provides them with confirmation that motherhood is important and socially valued' and 'introduces them to a world filled with social interaction with people who are deeply appreciative of the work that they do'
    - - 'as a social practice, adoption has received surprisingly little attention from anthropologists, yet it goes to the very route of what we take to be kinship'
      - 'adoptive parents engage so deliberately in transcending the fact that they are not biologically connected to their children'
      - by 40, 92% of Norwegian women have birthed a child, centre of much social life
        
        'to my open- ended question, 'why did you want to have children?', almost every adoptive parent answered that they wished to become a 'normal family''
      - 2002 Bio-Technology Act didn't allow anonymous donation on the belief 'that all adoptees experience a desire to meet their biological relatives'
        
        'by and large, those who actively search' (for their biological relatives) 'are a small minority who, for a number of reasons, have failed to settle in Norway and find the fact of adoption difficult to live with'
      - 'the children are photographed in places that epitomize the ideals of Norwegian family life and kinned relatedness' e.g with grandparents or in ancestral places
  - - - 'pomp and ceremony' for the boys vs girls' circumcision 'celebrated by the briefest and most subdued or ceremonial feasts: morning tea'
      - 'men are now marrying-and what is more saying they prefer to marry- women who have been less severely mutilated'
      - 'because they find it so painful, most of the women I talked to said that they avoid sex as much as possible' so remain virgins
        
        but 'I submit that, for Sudanese women, the social category 'virgin' has somewhat less to do with sexual abstinence than it has to do with fertility'
    - - 'a lack of local kin support can combine with the culturally unusual proximity of the wife's family to restructure gendered household relations of power'
        
        'conventionally the experience of the bride'
        
        'you've got all your family and I have no one'
      - 'marriage of sibling's children has not only reinforced family bonds across distance, but has also produced further separated siblings whose children are now set to marry'
      - 'may be that the contempt for ghar damad has faded in a diasporic context where uxorilocal grooms are a common feature'*
      - ''your mother hasn't taught you much about marriage and being a wife''
        
        'in Pakistan, girls are prepared from a young age for marriage'
      - oft 'motivated in part by a desire to increase his ability to contribute to the family's finances'
      - 'his deference to his wife's father can then be understood at one level as fulfilling kinship obligations, but at another he makes clear that it was in fact he who, by his tactful cunning, had the upper hand in the relationship, allowing him to emerge from a potentially weak position with his masculine authority unscathed'
- - - - Nicholas De Genova's border technologies
        
        Madeleine Reeves border practices
        
        border-materialities
  - - - visuality and 'performative dimension'
  - - - ''This is the Balkans Sarah; what do you expect?''
  - - - body that a crowd covered with a blanket, not to hide or preserve dignity but to protect from scavenging animals (sort of dignity), were surprised to hear it brought up as something significant later
    - - 'the way bodies decompose is political' and animals eating bodies 'indicates the dehumanization to which migrants are subjected'
- - - - Saussurean semiology 'treats language as something that exists in a plane of reality quite distinct from that in which any nonlinguistic things (material or conceptual) are found'
        
        'by seeing language only as coded meaning, Saussurean semiology fails to see the role linguistic practices play in the objectification of things'
      - 'certain semiotic concepts can help clarify the relationships between casual and logical dimensions of material things in society'
    - - 'the modernist image of council housing is a reflection of the control exerted by the state in general and is a reflection of the control exerted by capitalism over both the workplace and the distribution of resources'
      - 'elderly who most often preferred the modernist' styles although several 'noted that they were supposed to like the nostalgia forms and would probably have responded accordingly to a simple verbal questionnaire. This is the first of a series of examples indicating the gulf between what people felt they were supposed to like and what they actually identified with'- reflexivity
      - 'one of the clearest generalisations to emerge from my study was the link between people who seemed lonely, depressed and isolated, and the lack of decorative equipment'
      - 'important social arena whose goal is the production of inalienable culture through dialectical, that is socially productive labour'
  - - - language as made of signs, unity of the signified and the signifier, signifier stands for the signified
      - 'the individual does not have the power to change a sign in any way once it has become established in the linguistic community'
        
        'the first thing that strikes us when we study the facts of language is that their succession in time does not exist insofar as the speaker is concerned. He is confronted with a state'
      - 'speech has both an individual and a social side, and we cannot conceive of one without the other'
    - - 'a way of speaking that Whites do not understand as racist, but which works to reproduce negative stereotypes of people of colour'
      - 'by 'covert' and ;invisible' I mean 'for whites'. Latinos/as have indeed noticed Mock Spanish and related forms of Spanish used by Whites, and objected to them'
        
        misspellings and grammatical errors creates a 'signal that is sent (and received by Spanish speakers) that their language is not taken seriously enough to require consultation with them'
        
        creates 'informal and easy going' sense of 'cosmopolitanism' in speakers but also 'assigns Spanish and its speakers to a zone of foreignness and disorder'
        
        'the important the place name, the more likely it is to be hyperanglicized'
      - the phrase 'Hasta la Vista Baby' 'requires access to a negative stereotype of Spanish speakers as treacherous and insincere' and has even been used in political campaigns
        
        'manana, which in Spanish means 'morning' or 'tomorrow' and need not connote procrastination or laziness, conveys only this pejorated sense in Mock Spanish'
      - 'whites are comfortable with the language only in contexts like ethnic festivals and Mexican-themed restaurants'
      - 'President Bush's Mock Spanish nicknames are part of his image as a likeable fellow'
    - - 'whereas Whitemen are indisputably human beings, American Indian conceptions of 'the Whitman' are inevitably cultural constructions'
      - 'models of 'the Whiteman' are consistently formulated in relation to a corresponding model of 'the Indian''
      - switch to English 'signals to those familiar with it that a particular form of joking has begun'
        
        girl talking to a dog, switching from Western Apache to English in the minutes after getting bitten 'a statement about her relationship to the dogs' or 'about the behaviour of Anglo-American schoolteachers and their relationship to Western Apache pupils'
      - 'prestations of social meanings rest upon prior understandings of their cultural counterparts. And this is for a basic reason: the former are always presented in terms of the later'
      - ‘joking is one means for ‘stretching’ social relationships, a playful device for testing and affirming solidarity by ostensibly denying it’ but can also ‘tear’ a relationship
        
        ‘you know somebody real good- it’s soft like buckskin between you- he won’t think about it when you joke’
        
        ‘too often, Anglo-Americans have made Apaches ‘feel small’, and being reminded of this, even in fun, is never entirely funny’
      - 'when Western Apaches stage joking imitations of Anglo-Americans, they portray them as gross incompetents in the conduct of social relations'
        
        'look who here everybody! Look who just come in. Sure, it's my Indian friend, L. Pretty good all right! When an Apache joins or leaves a social grouping, he or she prefers to go about it unobtrusively'*
        
        'children may delight in calling attention to the obvious. But adults?'
  - - - Hill's levels of ine=dexicality
- - - - 'Tylor turns what initially seemed to be confounding data... into evidence for the direction of movement' of social evolution