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psych paper 2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - picture presented to left visual field, and processed in right hemisphere, drawn with left hand was consistently clearer than right hand (processed in left hemisphere), even though pps were right handed. Shows visuo-motor tasks lateralised in right hemisphere.
      - small sample size, non-generalisable, confounding variables e.g. epilepsy medication
      - Turk et al (2002) patient JW had suffered a lesion to his left hemisphere, but had the ability to 'speak out' his right hemisphere, as they could describe info presented to either visual field, suggesting lateralisation isn't fixed.
      - high internal validity due to high control and image only flashed for 1/10 of a second, so can't move eyes and use both visual fields.
  - - - Broca's area- speech production, patient Tan had damage to left frontal lobe and could only say word 'tan'
      - Wernicke's area: involved in language comprehension, left temporal lobe of Brain. Those who had damage to this area of the brain couldn't understand language.
  - - - cell body in centre, carry messages from PNS to CNS
    - - connect sensory neurons to motor neurons
    - - connect CNS to effectors such as muscles and glands
  - - - Maguire et al (2000) studied London taxi driver's brains and found significantly more grey matter in the posterior hippocampus of their brains compared to a control group. This area of the brain is thought to be linked to spatial and navigational processing.
        
        correlation not equal to causation- they could be more likely to get the jobs due to having these biological differences already.
        
        plasticity can be negative- 60-80% of amputees experience phantom limb syndrome, which is the sensation of pain and discomfort in limbs as if it were still there, and is thought to be due to cortical reorganisation in the somatosensory cortex that occurs as a result of limb loss (Ramachandran and Hirstein)
        
        practical application- has contributed to the understanding of neurorehabilitation, can show how people need physical therapy but also e.g. electrical stimulation of the brain to promote recovery
      - Bezzola et al (2012) showed how 40 hours of golf training produced changes to the neural representation of movement in participants aged 40-60. Using fMRI, the researchers observed reduced motor cortex activity in the golfers compared to a control group, suggesting more efficient neural representations after training, suggesting plasticity continues throughout life.
  - - - uses electrodes on a cap placed on the brain, and records brain waves and provides an overall picture of activity in the brain. Used to detect conditions such as epilepsy.
        
        high temporal resolution, down to less than a millisecond, and is very useful in our understanding of ultradian rhythms and the stages of sleep.
        
        hard to pinpoint specific areas of neural activity due to generalised nature.
    - - using a statistical averaging technique, all extraneous brain activity from an EEG is filtered out, leaving only responses that relate to a specific task or stimulus
        
        much more detailed than EEGs, and have good temporal resolution
        
        in order to establish valid ERP results, all background noise and extraneous material has to be eliminated, which is not easy to do and could affect results.
    - - looks at blood flow and oxygenated blood in the brain if it is active (active areas need more oxygen)
        
        images have high spatial resolution (detailed). Also non-invasive unlike PET scan
        
        low temporal resolution (time delay between activity and image), also very expensive so not always accessible.
    - - examination of your brain once you are dead, looking for abnormalities
        
        correlation/causation, informed consent
  - - - spinal cord
      - brain
    - - somatic nervous system
        
        voluntary muscle movements
      - autonomic nervous system
        
        sympathetic nervous system
        
        fight or flight
        
        parasympathetic nervous system
        
        rest and digest
- - - - showed videos to 3 groups, some being praised, some being punished, others no response. Ones who saw praise most likely to imitate, ones who saw punishment least likely. Demonstrates vicarious reinforcement
    - - attention- paying attention to the behaviour, retention- remembering the behaviour,
        motor reproduction- the ability to be able to reproduce the behaviour
        motivation- how likely they are to repeat the behaviour, if they have the desire to
  - - - ego
        
        develops at the age of 2, reduces conflict between the id and superego through defence mechanisms.
        
        works on the reality principle
      - superego
        
        develops at the age of 5, is our sense of right and wrong, punishes ego through guilt and represents the moral standards of a child's same-sex parent
        
        works on the morality principle
      - id
        
        from birth, unconscious desires that demand instant gratification, selfish.
        
        based on the pleasure principle
    - - phallic
        
        3-5 years, focus of pleasure is genital area, Oedipus or Electra Complex occurs here
        
        phallic personality- reckless, narcissistic
      - latency
        
        earlier conflicts repressed
      - anal
        
        1-3yrs, focus of pleasure is anus
        
        anal retentive: tidy, neat anal expulsive: messy
      - genital
        
        sexual desires become conscious when puberty starts
        
        fixation- difficulty forming heterosexual relationships
      - oral
        
        0-1, mouth is source of pleasure, mother's breast is desired
        
        fixation: nail-biting, smoking
    - - Girls experience penis envy during the phallic stage: they desire their father as the penis is the primary love object, and hate their mother. Girls give up their desire for their father over time, and replace this desire for a baby (identifying with their mother in the process)
    - - In the phallic stage (aged 3-5), boys will develop incestuous feelings for their mother, and an extreme hatred for their father (love rival). Fearing their father will castrate them, boys repress their feelings for their mother, and identify with their father in the process (taking in his gender role and moral values)
      - Little Hans- 5yr old, who developed a phobia of horses after seeing one collapse in the street. Freud suggested that Hans' phobia was a form of displacement, in which his fear of his father was displaced onto horses. Thus, horses were just a symbolic representation of Hans' real unconscious fear: the fear of castration experienced during the Oedipus complex.
  - - - learning through association
      - UCS -> UCR food -> saliva NS -> no response bell -> no response NS+UCS -> UCR bell + food -> saliva CS -> CR bell -> salivation
    - - learning through consequence
        
        positive & negative reinforcement increase likelihood of behaviour reoccurring
        
        punishment decreases likelihood of behaviour reoccurring
        
        Skinner's rat box - when receiving food after touching a switch, behaviour increased. when receiving an electric shock, turning the switch off behaviour increased.
  - - - Maslow's hierarchy of needs, ranges from physiological needs to self-actualisation. one level must be complete before moving up to the next
      - Roger's client-centred therapy. Building up self-esteem, in order to have more congruence with perceived self and ideal self. Therapist provides unconditional positive regard
      - conditions of worth, self-actualisation, personal growth
      - focuses on free will, 'person-centred approach', we are self-determining