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Topic 12.3 and 4: Chromatography, Separation and Purification, Note: The…

- - - - Accuracy of a quartz watch
      - Making of computer chips
      - Laser light in compact discs player, eye surgery and modern telephone systems.
- - - - Uses
        
        Manufacture of beer and sugar
        
        In water purification where filter beds with several layers are used
      - Definition
        
        Involves passing the mixture through filter paper on a funnel into a conical flask
    - - Definition
        
        Carefully pouring off liquid from a container and leaving the undissolved heavier solid at the bottom of the beaker
      - Uses
        
        Separating blood cells from plasma
        
        Separating petroleum from water
    - - Definition
        
        In a centrifuge, an electric motor causes the test tubes inside to revolve at high speed. Hence, the heavier solid moves to the bottom of the test tube and the clear liquid can be decanted off separately.
      - Uses
        
        Separating chalk particles from water
        
        Separating clay particles in water
  - - - Uses: To get solid sodium chloride from salt water
    - - The process is only used if
      - The crystals decompose when heated to dryness
      - Only for compounds whose solubilities vary greatly with temperature
      - Uses: helps to separate a pure solid from a solution in its crystal form such as to get salt crystals from a solution of salt and water
  - - - Uses: Production of whisky and brandy
  - - - Uses: Separation of crude oil
      - $fractional_distillation_lab_apparatus$
- - - - Solvent travels up the paper only by capillary action.
      - Rate of ascent is slow and decreases with time as it flows against gravity.
      - Advantage: Slow ascent rate results in compact sharp defined spots.
    - - Advantage: Solvent moves faster and over a longer distance.
      - Solvent travel down for both capillary action and gravity.
      - Rate of descent as it flows along gravity.