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perception and co-ordination unit review, 截屏2022-06-07 下午8.02.13, 截屏2022…
perception and co-ordination unit review
tongue&taste
contain taste buds
chemicals in food dissolve, stimulate taste receptors, messages sent to brain
four main taste
sweet
salty
bitter
sour
parts of tongue
nose&smell
how did we smell?
chemicals in object diffuse into air
chemicals enter the nose and dissolve in the mucus (on nasal cavity
chemicals stimulate the small receptors and become messages
messages are sent through nerves
brain interprets the message
structure
nerve
include small receptors and convert messages to brain
nasal cavity
include small hairs to prevent dusts in (mucus)
brain
structure
function
cerebrum:
biggest part of brain
responsible for intelligence
interprets message from sense organs, and send messages to muscles
cerebellum:
1/8 of brain
responsible for muscular coordination
maintain balance
Medulla oblongata
smallest part of brain
control unconscious (not control by yourself) actions
heartbeat, breathing
sound&ear
sound is produced by vibration of objects
speed of sound when transmitting through mediums
liquid: between
gas: slowest
solids: fastest
vacuum: no sound
function of ear
structure:
ear canal
eardrum
ear bones
cochlea
auditory nerve
outer ear
middle ear
inner ear
pinna
pinna: collect the surrounding of sounds
ear canal: the way sounds pass through
ear bones: magnify the vibration
auditory nerve: transfer the auditory information to brain
cochlea: transfer the signal to neuron impulses
ear drum: transport sound waves by vibrating
steps of how we hear:
sound in surrounding collected by pinna
sound travel through ear canal to ear drum
the eardrum is vibrated
vibrations magnified by ear bones and pass to inner ear
vibrations stimulate by receptors in cochlea
messages sent to brain along auditory nerve
the brain distinguish and tell you which kind of sound it was
speed of sound: frequency, measured as hertz (Hz)
loudness: sound level, measured as decibels (dB)
measured by decibel meter
formula:
speed of sound*time = distance
distance/speed of sound = time
distance/time = speed of sound
noises
unwanted and disturbing sounds with high volume （dB）
machinery
airplane landing
excavator
harms
hearing lost, until totally deaf
disturb sleep
cause mental stress
eye
structure
function
cornea: allow light in the eye
sclera: protects the eyeball
iris: control size of pupil
pupil: allow light in the eye
lens: help focus light into retina
jelly like fluid: maintain shape of eyeball, allow light in
retina: converts light image into electrical signals
optic nerve: send electrical messages from light-sensitive cells to brain
neurons
sensory neurone
relay neurone
motor neurone
structure
unction: Motor neurones carry impulses from the central nervous ststem to effectors (muscles)
structure
function: relay neurones are found inside the CNS nd connect sensory and motor neurones
structure
function: Sensory neurones carry impulses from sense organs to the central nervous system (brain)
central nervous system
contains brain, spinal cord, nerves
damge of alcohol
lengthen our reaction time
time between detecting a stimulus and being able to make a response
harder to react when encountering an accident
pathway of nerve impulse
stimulus
receptor
sensory neurone
relay neurone
motor neurone
effector
response
