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Contraception and Birth Control 2 - Coggle Diagram
Contraception and Birth Control 2
Mass birth-control programmes
USA (1920's-1930's)
beginning in 1909 & continuing for 70 years, California led the country in the number of sterilisation procedures performed on men and women, often without their full knowledge and consent
Approximately 20,000 sterilizations took place in state institutions, compromising one-third of the total number performed in 32 states where action was legal
California prisons are said to have authorised sterilisations of nearly 150 females between 2006 & 2010
programmes driven in part by anti-Asian and anti-Mexican prejudice- Southern states also employed sterilisations as means of controlling African-American populations
E.g. young women received tubal ligations when they were getting appendectomies
E.g. Carrie Buck
sterilised after giving birth
due to "mental illness" she was said to have inherited- no-one knows
India (1970's-)
2 thousand men died from botched operations
1975 emergency- when civil liberties were suspended- Sanjay Gandhi, began what was described by many as a "gruesome campaign" to sterilise poor men
reports of police cordoning off villages and dragging the men to surgery
India carried out 4 million during 2013-2014
356 cases of complications arising out of surgeries
less than 100,000 of these surgeries were done of men
more than 700 deaths reported due to botched surgeries
reports of apalling quality of tubectomies for many years now and authorities still don't seem to realise that it is an important reproductive health concern
shoddy surgeries continue, risking the lives of poor women
Biblical View
Arguments Against
"be fruitful and multiply"- Genesis 1 v 28
Story of Onan
"But Onan knew that the child would not be his; so whenever he slept with his brother's wife, he spilled his semen on the ground to keep from providing offspring for his brother"- Genesis 38 v 8-10
Interpretation
Levirate marriage states that the brother of a married man who died without children has an obligation to marry the widow to continue the family line
was Onan's responsibility to sleep with his dead brother's wife to produce a child for his brother
Onan used withdrawl method to avoid producing an heir for his dead brother
Slain by God as punishment
Many people ask 'What was Sin'
preventing pregnancy?
Deliberately not producing an heir for dead brother?= Greed?
Purpose of Sex
Paul- "Do not deprive one another, except perhaps by agreement for a limited time, that you may devote yourselves to prayer; but then come together again, so that Satan may not tempt yo because of your lack of self-control"
Unitive
'two become one flesh'- Genesis 2 v 24
Intimacy
"Let his left hand be under my head and his right hand embrace me"- Song 2 v 6
"My beloved is to me a pouch of myrrh which lies all night between my breasts"- Song 1 v 13
"Your two breasts are like two fawns, twins of a gazelle, which feed among the lilies"- Song 4 v 5
"Like an apple tree among the trees of the forest, so is my beloved among the young men. In his shade, I took great delight and sat down, and his fruit was sweet to my taste"- Song 2 v 3
Songs of Solomon
The intimacy that it fosters between a husband and wife is of vital importance too
could be argued that God created sex for more than just reproduction
Songs of Solomon is an Old Testament book of poetry that celebrates the sexual union between a husband and wife
doesn't mention reproduction
Moral Arguments For and Against
Against
Contraception brings bad consequences
can be used as eugenic tool
prevents potential humans from being conceived
carries health risks
"contraception culture"= dangerous
prevents people who might benefit humanity from being born
misused is mass population control programmes in racist way
form of culture imperialism or misuse of power
lead to depopulation
real fear in 1800's and 1900's
Contraception= inherently wrong
form of abortion
unnatural
anti-life
separates sex from reproduction
Contraception leads to "immoral behaviour"
allows people to have sex purely for enjoyment
easier to people to have sex outside marriage
leads to widespread sexual immorality
Arguments based on life and natural order
Contraception is anti-life
have bad intention
life is a fundamental good
intend to prevent new life coming into being
those who use contraception are engaged in an intentionally "anti-life" act
morally wrong to do something with a bad intention
Contraception is unnatural
birth control= intrinsically wrong
natural consequence of having sexual intercourse is conceiving a child
wrong to interfere with this
Contraception is a form of abortion
"Morning-after pill"
capable of operating by preventing implantation of fertilised egg
some birth control pills
no way for user to know after any act of intercourse whether pill prevented implantation
wrong to run risk of abortion
using pill always runs risk of causing abortion
prevent implantation of a fertilised egg (not main way they work)
IUD
preventing implantation of a fertilised egg
For
Demographic benefits
enables world population to be controlled and thus protects the environment and reduces poverty
Human Rights benefits
essential "procreative liberty"
if people aren't allowed a choice over whether or not to have children, their autonomy and freedom to control their choices is seriously restricted
Health benefits
use of condoms prevent sexually transmitted disease and HIV
enables women whose health would be at risk if they conceived, to continue to have sex
prevents conception of unwanted children
reduces number of possible abortions
Family benefits
prevents conception of children family cannot support
enables people to avoid having more children than they want
improves marriage because:
enables couples to have fewer children and thus spend more time together and with children they do have
reduces cost of marriage
enables couples to enjoy the unitive function of sexual activity without being anxious about conceiving a child
Benefits for Women
promotes gender equality and autonomy of women
enables women whose health would be at risk if they conceived, to continue to have sex
women have right to choose or avoid these activities
pregnancy and child-rearing affect women much more than men
restriction of birth control= sexual discrimination
enables women to enjoy sexual activities on same basis as men
restriction of birth control is denial of women's right to sexual autonomy
without contraception women may find herself having regular pregnancies
leads her to become economically dependent on her partner