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Revision HCI Part 2 (Chapter 7-11) - Coggle Diagram
Revision HCI Part 2 (Chapter 7-11)
Chapter 7: Balancing Function and Fashion
User may do errors when using the computer so as a designer, we need to help them to make the correction.
Never use tone like ordering the user
Never use words like INVALID, BAD, ERROR OR ILLEGAL
Never use number of error code in error message (if really needed can add at the last sentence)
The useful error message should include problem occur, the factor of the problem and the solution. We can include the help section for user as well. (Strong user control)
User can decide whether to cancel the error message pop out or proceed. Error message should supportive and place user control instead of the computer control them.
The error message should appear consistently at the bottom of the content area of windows.
Chapter 8: Evaluation
Evaluation is an integral process to improve the design of products. Evaluation is to ensure the design can be improved to provide a better UI to the users.
4 types of evaluation:
Formative evaluation: before implementation phase, to ensure that the analysis, design and development phase have no conflict occur and make improvement if needed.
Summative Evaluation: after implementation phase, and evaluate to ensure the final product meets the needs of client.
Use and Impact Evaluation: evaluate in the real-working environment of that system.
Longitudinal Evaluation: repeated observation or evaluation on a specified objects. For example, evaluate on the function of submit button only.
Evaluation Approach
Usability Testing (controlled settings that involve user): Evaluators will ask several user that will use the system to a room and ask each of them to use the system to do a specific task. Evaluators will check their eye and mouth movement when using the system with camera installed and save their computer log when doing the task. Based on the testing, evaluators will record some items such as the time needed to do the task and the number of errors occur when doing the task on the system. Useful to evaluate system that use in dangerous place such as Space station.
Field studies (natural settings that involve users):
Camera and CCTV installed and the computer log of each user will be saved. Evaluators will in a room and use computer to see the action of user when using the system in a real-working environment. This is because when there's customer or any interruptions coming in a real situation, evaluators can check if the system can actually help users to increase productivity. Useful to evaluate a new technology or product that provide new service.
Analytical Evaluation (any settings that not involve users):
It involve the expert teams to check the design of the system with
Guideline review
Heuristic Evaluation (check with the 10 Nielsen design Guideline)
Cognitive Walktthrough
Pluralistic Walkthrough
Data Gathering
Interview: focus on a few people, can be structured, semi-structured or unstructured.
-Unstructured: the interviewer can ask any questions and it's open but difficult to analyze as it may goes beyond the scope.
Semi structured: Interviewer can follow the set of questions prepared to ask interviewee but also based on the answer given and ask extra questions that are not in the list of questions.
-Structured: Follow the set of questions prepared to ask the users.
Questionnaire: can focus on a group of users as we just need to spread the questionnaire. To develop a good questionnaire need a lot of time and test on a small group first before distribute to many users.
Open-ended questions: cannot answer with yes/no. Usually start with How, What, Why or Any suggestions.
Close-ended questions: can answer yes/ no or with the options given within the questions.
Simple yes/no question
Checklist
Multi-point rating scale
Likert scale
Semantic differential scale
Ranking question
Simple feature checklist
Expanded feature checklist
Lab experiments: can be used for formative and summative evaluation. Easy and inexpensive as does not need the real system for experiment.
Observation: To observe the system used in the real-working environment and take note or record video on how the system use with computer log as well. Can be boring and wasting time.
Chapter 9: User Documentation and Online Help
There are paper manuals and online manuals. For online manuals have:
Online documentation that may in pdf format. It should have table of contents and list so that user can easily find the relevant help.
-Online tutorials such as w3school that allow user to try the coding on the website and have the example output beside. User can reduce the stress to work with coding with the help of online tutorials.
Online help such as the help button within error message or help section in any software or system. It should include the search engine so that user can easily search for relevant help with keywords.
Context-sensitive help where the system and user are active. System will detect and sense the task that going to be done by users and provide relevant help while user can choose to accept it or close the help given. The pop up help should appear near but not cover the information.
Animated demonstration such as the 30 seconds of teaching users how to play the games. It can stop, skip or replay. Animated demonstration is very useful for novice users as they can easily understand and relate themselves when using the system.
Help assistance such as the help center in Shopee that will have real users to solve our problem. Before that it may give the automatic FAQs that are not relevant to our problem. Yet, talk with real person may expose our level of understanding or knowledge.
Time needed for documentation and help:
At the beginning: Discover tour or pre-training for user to familiar with the system.
At the beginning of the task: animated demonstration to teach user on how to complete the task step by step.
During the task: context-sensitive help to pop up help to user so that user don't have to find the relevant help in online documentation.
During error: provide online documentation or online help with help button or FAQs
Next time visiting: start-up tips that prevent user do the same error again.
Guidelines of develop the online documentation:
have feedback sections for users to give feedback and based on the feedback we can improve our documentation and help section.
Update to the changes regularly. Some system will update with new feature so the documentation must updated as well.
Prepare the documentation before implementation phase and test or review by experts to prevent that no important information is missing in our online documentation.
Chapter 10: Collaboration
Collaboration is to increase the user's productivity on a task. Collaboration is different when we work alone as it related to a group of users to complete a work.
Groupware is the software that can be used by a group of people.
CSCW, computer supported cooperative work studies about the use of appropriate tools, techniques and groupware as well as the psychological needs, social and organization effects.
Groupware have divided into 2 categories:
By functions:
to have direct communication
to share common understanding or make decision
to complete a work together with a shared application.
By time/space matrix:
same place same time
different place same time
different place different time
same place different time
same place same time are very useful when you want to share a common understanding or to make decision with smartboard. For example, at the same time or space, lecturer use smartboard to give lecture to ensure that all students understand the lecture.
Different place same time can used Google Meet, Microsoft Team or any video conferencing application to have direct communication or have common understanding. Instant messaging can be used as well but it may not receive the replies immediately. Yet, with video conferencing, user can directly get the response but network problem may delay the audio or video.
Different place different time can be use when want to complete a shred work together such as Coggle, Canva, GoogleSheet and GoogleDocs. Users can edit the work at their own house or different time. Comments on people' blog or video on social media also counted as have direct communication at different place different time.
Same place different time can be used to complete a work with shared application. For example, 2-3 developers use the same input and output device to edit source code at different time but same place with same input and output device.
Videowindow that allow the people with 50 miles distance to communicate with others people through a big picture window. But soon, people found out that it is not useful as it more feels like talking to the system not people. People usually talk with others that in the same space instead of the other room.
Hypermirror are useful when we want to include people that could not attend the event and take picture with those attended. By giving a virtual personal space and the virtual people stand on the space to take picture with others.
Chapter 11: Health and Safety
Sosio-Technical Design
reduce stress of users when they use the system to complete the task with easy understand words and sentences.
prevent to confuse users with different icons that are not familiar.
computer is just a tool that used to complete some task so the system should appear reliable and stable so that user will not feel insecure when using the system or making an action.
Muscular effort
Static effort: happen when maintain a position for a long time. Example, stand for a long time, lift your arms long time and so on. It is recommended to rest for 10 minutes in every hour of maintaining the same position so that the muscle will not feel tired and cause damage to our muscles.
Dynamic effort: an example of dynamic effort is lifting weight in a gym. There is a rhythm to follow so that the muscle can relax and contract and users not easily feel tired.
Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI) is the pain around the wrist. Usually happen when user use the keyboard for a long time without rest. There is an ergonomic keyboard that can prevent RSI. But by taking regular break can also help to prevent pain around the wrist as well.
Eyes Fatigue and Disorders: When user see the computer or display screen for a long time, eyes will get tired and the visual sharpness will slowly not. For long time not resting the eyes from computer or display screen, the eyes will feel dry and have red lines in the pupil.
Postural fatigue: When user rarely sat, stood or lifted will usually have low back pain compared to those who always sit, stand.
People who wear contact lenses will feel easily tired compared to people who wear spectacles.
Users should sit with appropriate position to have a distance with the screen so that our eyes are not too close with the display screen.
-Elders will happen cataracts where they cannot see clearly.
When people feel stress will have skin rashes and disappear when don't have. Skin rashes may appear when we absorb too many electrostatic discharge as well and disappear after a time for not using.
To avoid stress, we can have personal space and items around us so that we feel secure and we can use online tutorials or documentation help when doing some action to avoid errors. Thus, a good design can help users not to feel stress when using the computer or application to achieve the task.