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Biopsychological theories of addiction, . - Coggle Diagram
Biopsychological theories of addiction
Physical-Dependence and Positive-Incentive Perspectives of Addiction
Physical dependence traps addicts in a vicious circle of drug taking and withdrawal symptoms
When intake has reached a level sufficient to induce physical dependence
Addicts driven by their withdrawal symptoms to self-administer the drug when they curtail intake
Early drug addiction treatment programs based on this perspective.
Attempted to break the vicious circle
Gradually withdrawing drugs from addicts in a hospital environment.
Detoxifixation
But high relapse
Failure of Detoxification for two reasons:
Some highly addictive drugs do not produce severe withdrawal distress
Pattern of drug taking of many addicts involves an alternating cycle of binges and detoxification
Most addicts take drugs:
To obtain the drug’s positive effects (Hedonic Persuit)
Not to escape unpleasant consequences of withdrawal
From Pleasure to Compulsion: Incentive-Sensitization Theory
Discrepancy between the hedonic value and the positive-incentive value of drug taking.
Positive-incentive value:
Anticipated pleasure associated with an action (e.g., taking a drug)
Hedonic value:
Amount of pleasure that is actually experienced.
Addicts often report a huge discrepancy between them
Transformation of a drug user into a drug addict.
Many periodically use addictive drugs and experience their hedonic effects
But aren’t addicted to them
Meets these two challenge
By Robinson and Berridge
States:
Positive-incentive value of addictive drugs increases with drug use
Rendering such individuals highly motivated to seek and consume the drug
It is the anticipated pleasure (wanting) of drug taking that is basis of addiction
In chronic addicts, the positive-incentive value of the drug is often out of proportion with the hedonic value
Whereas the addict’s wanting for the drug is sensitized
Tolerance develops to the pleasurable effects
Initially, positive-incentive value is tied to pleasurable effects
Relapse and Its Causes
Relapse
Return to one’s drug taking habit after a period of voluntary abstinence
Most difficult problem in treating drug addicts
3 causes identified
Stress
Impact of stress on drug taking illustrated by marked increases in cigarette and alcohol consumption
Drug priming
Single exposure to the formerly abused drug
exposure to environmental cues
Conditioned Compensatory Responses
Previously been associated with drug taking
People, times, places, or objects
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