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Topic 8 Forests under threat - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Nutrients Cycle
      - Adaptations
        
        Animals
        
        1) Travelling
        ~Some have excess flaps of skin for flying
        ~Some have suction cups for climbing
        ~Some have strong arms for climbing
        2) Food/Predators
        ~Camouflage
        ~Adapted to low light levels so have heightened senses to predators
        ~Can swim to food sources or away from predators
        ~Nocturnal for when its cooler
        
        Plants
        
        1) Trees
        -Emergents-
        ~Tall and straight
        ~Only have leaves and branches at the top
        ~Big root to support tree
        -Main Canopy-
        ~Lots of leaves only at the top
        ~Shades the rest of the forest
        -Under Canopy-
        ~Can only survive where there are gaps in the main canopy
        ~Made up of younger trees
        -Shrub layer-
        ~Its dark so they have large broad leaves to absorb as much light as possible.
        2) Other Features
        ~Leaves have a thick waxy coating to repel rain
        ~Pointed tips so the weight of heavy rainfall doesn't damage them and fungi and bacteria doesn't develop
        ~Smooth thin bark so water can run off easily
        ~Climbing plants go up the side of trees for light
        ~Drop leaves all year around.
      - Food Webs and Biodiversity
        
        Features of Food Webs
        ~Very complex due to the large biodiversity they have so there are many links
        ~Some animals can be both primary and secondary producers
        Features of Biodiversity
        ~Climate hasn't changed for millions of years so much evolution can take place
        Layered structure = more habitats so more specialised animals and plants to that area
        ~Very productive
  - - - ReasonsFuel wood
- - - - Mainly around the North of Asia and North America
    - - Plants gain nutrients from the soil and provide nutrients to the animals that eat them. Then animals spread seeds through their dung, helping the plants to reproduce
      - Soil is very low in nutrients because of the cold climate
      - Herbivores rely on mosses to survive
      - In summer, trees absorb heat from the sun and the shade which prevents the permafrost from thawing
      - Deforestation can have a big impact on the components of the organism
  - - - Producers then eaten by primary consumers like bats then they're eaten by primary consumers and so on
      - Always start with a a producer which makes their own food from energy from the sun
      - All organisms eventually broken down by decomposers
      - Exploitation threatening the Taiga
        
        Logging for softwood - trees are cut down so they can be used for housing, furniture and matches
        
        Exploitation of fossil fuels - trees are cleared to extract gas and oil from the ground
        
        Pulp and paper production - felled trees are mashed into a pulp and used to make paper
        
        HEP - dams generate hydroelectric power from rivers in the taiga forests flood large areas of land
        
        Exploitation of minerals - many taiga forests are rich in minerals e.g. iron, gold, copper and silver. Lots of trees are chopped down to make way for mines as well as access roads
        
        Tar sands - Tar sand is earth containing thick black oil, which can be processed into fossil fuels. (e.g. petrol). Tar sands are found underneath taiga forests e.g. in Canada.
        
        Extraction of tar sands often involves open pit mining or strip mining - digging up the land surface in strips. This causes large scale deforestation.