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AUTHORITARIANISM AND TOTALITARIANISM, image, image, image, image, image,…
AUTHORITARIANISM AND TOTALITARIANISM
AUTHORITARIAN AND TOTALITARIAN REGIMES
Various factors contributed to their rise
War had aroused nationalist feeling
Power of the state increased with state intervention in economy and society during the crisis of 1929
First World War had established habits of military organisation
New parties were formed that represented the working masses
These two regimes shared common characteristics
Foreign policy
Pursued an expansionist foreign policy to gain new territories and new markets and raw materials.
Economy
State intervened in and controlled the economy
Companies were nationalised
Public works programmes were set up to reduce unemployment
Imports were minimalised to benefit national production
Politics
Government was an authoritarian dictatorship
Charismatic leader who possessed absolute political power
A single political party which supported the dictator
Anti-democratic government: no political parties, trade unions or free elections
Citizens' rights were limited
No freedom of press
No right to meet and associate
No freedom of expression or to demonstrate
Society
Almost all the classes of society supported the regime
Controlled and informed by the state and they believed that this system provided a solution to their problems.
Methods used by these regimes to safeguard their power
Propaganda
Through the press, radio and posters
Was monopolised by the state and was used to promote its ideology and censure opposition
Culture
Controlled by the state
Aim was to instill a code of behavior according to the party ideology
A policy of repression
Used secret police and civil servants belonging to the party
Find people who opposed the system, who were then arrested, deported, sent to labour camps or executed
Gestapo in Germany and the KGB in the USSR
Violence
Used by the army and paramilitary groups to control anyone who opposed the state's ideology
Fasci (Blackshirts) in Italy
The SS (assault division or Brownshirts) in Germany
Differences between authoritarian ideologies
Right-wing authoritarian regimes
Germany and Italy
Nationalist but rejected the communist ideology of the classless society
Left-wing totalitarian regime
USSR
Anti-nationalist and anti-capitalist
Create a classless communist society with the economy planned and controlled by the state, according to communist ideology.
THE USSR: STALINISM
System of totalitarian government which was established in the USSR
After Lenin's death in 1924, Joseph Stalin eliminated all possible political rivals and took control of the CPSU
Characteristics
Political power
Was all heel by Stalin
He set up a system in which the party leaders ran the country
He approved the Constitution of 1936, which granted citizens' rights such as universal suffrage
Maintained the CPSU as the only political party and used propaganda and repression to impose his dictatorship
Tried to spread communism across Europe through the Komintern through the coordination of the CPSU with other communist parties in Europe.
Economy
Was planned and controlled by the state
Means of production became state property
Stalin introduced a series of five-year plans
Collectivisation of land
By expropriation of property by force and forced obligation of the workers to cultivate the land collectively
Sovkhoz
Land was owned by the state
Workers were paid a wage
Kolkhoz
Land was owned by the collective or cooperative
Workers received part of the harvest as a wage
The crops produced were given to the state for export in order to gain capital to buy industrial machinery.
Nationalisation of existing industries
Investment in and creation of heavy industry and the production of capital goods at the expense of consumer good
Construction of hydraulic works
To increase the production of electricity needed to supply industry
Propaganda and repression
Stalin reinforced his own power through propaganda that portrayed him as the saviour of patriotism
In the 1930s, he carried out various purges against people that he suspected of forming conspiracies against his regime and of attempting to re-establish capitalism
Many of the suspects were sent to gulags or executed
He eliminated the Bolsheviks who questioned his politics, and he consolidated his dictatorship
NAZI GERMANY
System of dictatorship established by Adolf Hitler in Germany
Totalitarian regime which replaced the Weimar Democratic Republic
Why did totalitarianism triumph in Germany?
Humiliation Germans felt over the territorial and economic conditions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles
Hyperinflation and high unemployment
Discontent among the population with the democratic government that had signed the peace treaty
Nazi Party
Also known as National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSGWP)
They used the SS, a paramilitary group, to attack the opposition, especially workers' parties
Adolf Hitler became the leader of it in 1921
Their political programme was based mainly on the rejection of the Treaty of Versailles
After winning the elections in 1933, Hitler was named Chancellor and established a dictatorship.
Hitler's measures
He established the Third Reich
Nazi Party became the only legal political party and persecuted anyone who opposed it
Hitler began an expansionist policy to recover German territories lost in the First World War (Saar, the Rhineland and Sudetenland)
There was great economic development
Unemployment fell due to a programme of public works and the development of the arms industry
Hitler was extremely anti-Semitic
He believed that the German Aryan race was superior to other races
During the 1930s German Jews were persecuted by the regime
Public rallies
Where Hitler addressed his supporter
Were prepared with incredible attention to detail
Masses of people formed perfect squares on both sides of a central corridor, where the parades that accompanied Hitler marched
Stage with gigantic banners, all showing the Nazi symbol: the swastika
They also used forms of mass media to communicate
ITALIAN FASCISM
System of authoritarian government established by Benito Mussolini in Italy in 1922
Creation of the Fascism
Volunteer militias, who with the support of the business owners, helped maintain order in the streets
Blackshirts
Paramilitary group with an ultranationalist ideology
First Fascism combat groups
Created in In 1919 by Benito Mussolini
National Fascist Party
Formed in 1921 by Mussolini
In October 1922 Mussolini led the March on Rome
He was frustrated by the government's inability to end social unrest
He forced the government to step down.
The king, Victor Emmanuel III, asked Mussolini to form a government
Monarchy was maintained, with Victor Emmanuel III as head of states and Mussolini become a dictator
Mussolini's measures
In politics
1926, he transferred all power to himself
He was the leader of the only political party, head of the government and head of the army
All other parties were prohibited and he persecuted those who opposed his regime
Parliament was replaced by the Chamber of Fascists
In foreign policy, he started Italian expansion into Abyssinia and Ethiopia, in Africa
Economy
An autarky was set up, and mines and the arms industry were nationalised and large scale public works projects were begun.
Intervention of the government in it
Mussolini's social policies
Put an end to the unrest because he removed workers' rights
He indoctrinated the population through the education system
He increased the birth rate by offering subsidies to large families
