Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Social Groups - Coggle Diagram
Social Groups
Penelope Eckert 2000 - Focused her research on the social practice of American High School students
Jocks - participated in school activities
Burnouts - rebelled actively an refused to get involved in school activities
People tended to speak like those with those with whom they share social practices and values
Burnouts - spoke with exaggerated pronouns associated with the urban accent of the Detroit neighborhood - frequent swearing
Jocks - concerned with speaking in a socially prestigious way.
Different ways of defining age
1 Chronological age
2 Biological age (physical maturity)
3 Social age (linked to life events)
slang is used to "establish a connection to youth culture and to set themselves off form the older generation to signal coolness, toughness or attitude
William Labov Diachronic lingusist study change over time - many lingusist believe it is imposssible to observe change whilst it is taking place
Synchronic lingusist study change at a particular point in time (usually the presnt day)
The absence of the 'r' sounds in word ssuch as 'bear' and 'car' normally associate with the class of that person - sales people in department stores usually mimic the acceny of the person they are speaking to especially of they are of higher social status
Martha's Vineyard is an island in Masachusetts and is a popular holiday destination for rich New Yorkers.
Labov noticed an apparent shift in the way some vowels were pronounced when compared to research 30 years earlier
change was least evident in over 75 year olds
most evident in 31 - 45 year olds
Fisherman started to exaggerate an old feature of speech - they did this subconsously to distance themselves from tourists - representing the true virtues and values of their community
James and Leslie Milroy - Studied three working class communities in Northern Ireland
Language was influenced by their social network
High network density score had stronger accents
Once community had less of a strong accent than others
Maintaining a strong accent was a way of reaffirming their sense of identity
Jenny Cheshire 1982 - Recorded the speech of teenagers in an adventure playground in Reading to look at the effects of peer group culture
Toughest girls and boys conformed to the groups non standard grammatical forms.
Mary Bulcholtz 1998 - Looked at teenagers in California and compared the fronting of back vowels /u/ and /o/
Gary Ives - as we get older we swear less and language becomes more standard eventually becoming "posh" - Taboo is part of the teen vernacular e.g "swearing and relationships" - Age is an influential factor on language games when we are younger (kerby, kissy catch) Slang is majaorly used and not understood by adult generations
MEYD Sue Fox researched dialect if youths from a variety of different ethnic backgrounds across London at the Start of the 21st century.
Fox found that the influence of settled immigrant speakers on adolescent users is significant (notably West african, West Indian and Bangledeshi)
MEYD is viewed by many as a fully functioning dialect in its own right however some argue that it is not a discrete variety of language (like cockney and scouse) because it does not have a uniform set of features.
As a form of convergence is taking place between a number of different influences, for the first time, a variety of english is being influenced more by a second language than by natic languages creating an organic hybrid form of English.
David Starkey - "the whites are becoming black" - Negative connotations towards black cultures - MEYD is integrating in communities therefore narrowminded people will have conservative attitude stowards ethnic minorities
Anita Strenstorm - common features in teen speak include
1 irregular turn taking
2 shortening words
3 Taboo
4 Slang
5 Language mixing (other cultures)
Christopher Odara researched the feature of "like" as a discourse marker. Odaro found children as young as 4 using it. Initially children use it infrequently and only in syntatic positions. Secondly they use it more often and in a gretaer numebr of positions and finally children use it in a frequent manner
Ignacio Palacios Martinez looked at teen speak and found that there was a frequent use of negatives
1/3 of negatives occired in orders , suggestions and refusals
More direct when speaking
"nah" "no way" "dunno"
Unni Berland - use of tag questions "innit" "yeah" "right"
social class was also an important factor "innit" was more common among the working class teenagerd while "yeah" was use dmore by middle class
"okay" was used more by boys than girls however both genders used "innit" "right" and "yeah"
Zimmerman - influences of teen language - the median and the press - new means of communication - music and street art and graffiti
Vivan de Klerk - young people have the freedom to challenge lingusitic norms -
the patterns of speech perviously modelled on the speech of adults are slowly eroded by the patterns of speech by their peer group - they need to establish themselves as different
Communities of Practice - language varies according to different social groups - people coming together for a particular purpose - establishing ways of doint things in order to achieve a shared purpose
Lace and Wenger - identified 3 crucial strands - 1 mutual engagement
2 negotiated enterprise
3 shared repoitore
Anti - Language - the language of an anti society that exists within societ as an alternative to it
- differnet lexicon but use the same grammar as main society
- communicate meanings that are inaccessible to a non-user
Example of anti- language - Polari
usually used by gay men, lesbians, female impersonators, theatre people and prostitutes
-