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Chapter 21 (12-1) Environmental Policy, Enterpreneurial Politics : Global…
Chapter 21 (12-1) Environmental Policy
Kim Jung Eun
Majoritarian Politics
: Pollution from Automobiles
Majoritarian Politics
When People Believe the Costs Are Low
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
requiring that an environmental impact statement
opponents of government sponsored project
using it for way of blocking, changing, or delaying the project
popular support
belief that it is gaining a significant benefit
belief that it is paying a low price
pro-environment law
When People Believe the Costs Are High
increasing gasoline taxes
effect
discourage driving
benefits
conserve fuel
reduce somg
weakness
hard to persuade people
reason
No pushing about the tax hike as an environmental measure of the politicians
reward
more highway
more buuses
reduction in the federal deficit
The Clean Air Act (1970)
restriction on the amount of polluayants
initial
following the pattern of entrepreneurial politics
making the cars less polluting
less hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide
Using catalytic converters
After making of 1970 law
the majoritarian politics
require
the states should develop land-use
the transportation rules to help attain air quality standards
purpose
reduce smog
Fail of government
for solve Air pollution
popular opposition
3 more items...
no effect
Congress's reaction
1 more item...
for clean up the exhausts of new cars
opposition of people
1 more item...
new version in 1990
tougher auto emission control standards
pushing back the deadline for compliance
targeted particular industries
Oh Chan Hwi
Client Politics: Agricultural pesticides
Pesticide
DDT
(common pesticide)
Banned by EPA
in 1972
Problems
Scientific
Hard to test chemical
Vastly expensive
Over thousand
pesticides now in use
Time-comsuming job
Unsafety
(health effects)
Beneficial uses
Help grow better crops
Hard to
dramatize
Political
American Farmers
Can’t achieve output
without pesticide
Overuse of
pesticides
Government subsidies
Encouraging agricultural farmers
to produce more food
Client politics
Environmental
Trivial effect on
long-term human health problems
Cause cancer
Timber industry
Clear-cutting
Prevent harvesting trees
from forest
Kim Jae Hyun
Interest Group Politics: Acid Rain
Acid Rain
sources
industrial smokestacks
burning fuel
Natural
Interest group battle
Residents of Canada & New England
vs
Midwestern labor union
Sollution
burning low-sulfur coal
reducing sulfur
install scrubbers
expensiive
favored by congress
favored by envronmentalists
1977 - make bill
until 1990 - fight oppose group
1995 - done
2000 - sharper emission reductions
Labor unions fougt for air pollution
The Results
Hazardous waste
Found at thousands of known location
Pestcide
Solution
Reaching agreement on what is a dangerous pesticide
Finding way to minimize the harm to farming
Air condition
Less carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and lead
Water condition
Less noticeable improvement
reasons:
Rain washing pollutants off
Gunk does not from fixed source
ex) sewer
Kim Jung Eun
The American Context
Environmental policy
adversarial
England
design the rules
for solve pollution
cooperatively
government
business
Not rigid or uniform
flexible
2 more items...
improvement in air and water quality
US
more adversarial than most European nations
conflicts
antagonistic
depend
US
depends heavily on the states
uniform national air quality standards
Standard of states
objected
places in which to dispose of such waste
Federalism
reinforces adversarial politics
Seperation of powers
guarantee opportunity
influence over environmental policy
England (and other European nations)
centralized, parliamentary form of government
less leverage for opponents
Oh Chan Hwi
The Environmental Uncertainties
Environmental Policy
What is the problem?
Human waste
Smog
Global warming
Greenhouse effect
Oil slicks
Pesticides cause cancer
Toxic chemical
What goals do we want to achieve?
Reasonably clean air & water
How do we want to acheive our goals?
Command-and-control strategy
Improve the air, water quality
Complex
Local circumstances
Technological problems
Economic costs
Rules
Offset
Bubble standard
Pollution allowances
What are our goals?
Eliminate all pollutants entering our waterways
Government officials to keep policies aimed at real risks
Enterpreneurial Politics : Global Warming
Nam jung min
Emerging Envrionmental movement
global warming
problems
spread of tropical disease
ice melt
floods
Aspects
activist: fossil fuel causes
skeptics:natural causes
activist: getting warmer
skeptics: getting cooler
activist:ice cap melts
skeptics:ice cap doesn’t melt
activist:bad for people
skeptics:helpful for people
activist: should act now
skpetics: should not act now
causes
burnt fossil fuel
increase in carbon dioxide
increase in temperature
global warming
Money
conservative:raise money by stating economic pain from green gases
Environmental activist: raise money by stating harm global warming
Endangered Species Act of 1973
More than 600 species
protecting endangered plants/animals
Forbid buying/selling
Regulate building
(dam, bridge, factory, farm)
Earth day(1970,04,20)
EPA(the Environmental Protection agency)/
Clean Air Act created