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Chapter 21 : Environmental Policy, Park Jisoo, Sue-Vin Lee, Sungwon Choi,…
Chapter 21 : Environmental Policy
Interest group politics: Acid Rain
acid rain
dust particle
snow particle
Problems
loss of forest
acidification of lake
Two parties argue
hope to reap benefit
fear to pay costs
Firgure
1977
kind of bizarre compromises
Two alternatives
require power plants burn
To burn low-sulfur coal
cost money
cut back on sulfur emissions
Congress voted for
wrong decision
4 great political advantages
environmentalist liked scrubbers
scrubber manufacturers liked the idea
jobs of miners in high sulfur coal mines would be protected
some eastern governors liked scrubbers
require power plants to install scrubbers
complicate & expensive device
Problems
Not always work
generated a lot of unpleasant sludge
1977 bill did not solve much
For 13 years political stalemate in Congress
When agree,
2 step regulation
1.buy low-sulfur coal, install scrubbers,
or use other technologies
sharper emission reductions for many more plants
coal miner complained for loosing job
promised financial compensation
1 more item...
Interest group
ex) Environmental Defense Fund.
Client Politics : Agricultural Pesticides
Client Spring in 1962
Harm Wildlife
DDT
Banned in 1972
From EPA
By Rachel Carson in 1962
Pesticides
Evaluate the Market from EPA
Safety check
Committees - Jamie Whitten
have been taken the pesticides
Involved DDT on birds
Fifty types of pesticides
Testing all of the chemicals
Beneficial uses
Balance
Produce more food
Invisible to the public
Bad effects
Bad for human health
Cancer
No convincing evidence
From the scientist
Not saftey for environmental
Sink to the soil
Discover the toxic waste dump
EX) Love Canal in NY
Farmers
Cannot produce without pesticides
Client politics
able to protect
Environmental safety
Wood industry
13% from US timber
prevent clear-cutting
Prevent harvesting
from old-growth forest
Forest Service
Harvesting at below-market prices
Convert
Client to entrepreneurial politics
Stopped to protect
Endangered species
Farmers
Uses pesticides for the crops
The Results
Environment bad
Since 1970
Reduced
Carbonmonoxide
Sulfur dioxide
Development
Water improvements
River
Lake
Oceans
Wash Pollutants
2 types of Politics
Interest group
two organized
fight for pay
Clinent
a organized
Must pay
Goals
Good life
Costs can be minimized
Entrepreneurial Politics : Global Warming
Global Warming causes
Oil
Fossil = Fuel
Carbon Dioxide
Gases
Coal
Endangered Species Act
Passed in 1973
Forbids buying or selling a animals
= Endangered
Special protection
Engaging in any economic activity
600 species protection
Half of plants
Firms and Government
Wants to build for animals
Dam
bridge
Factory
Farm
Sometimes protect the creatures
Regulations
Outweighed by the public support for the law
Environmental movement
Endangered Species Act
Passed 1990s
Water Quality improvement Act
Clean Air Act
Earth Day
First celebrating April 22,1970
Environmental Protection Agency
1970 President Nixon created
Effects
Warm Earth
Melting Ice
Temperature increase
Change natural cases
Entrepreneurial politics
created the Environmental movement
Today Opposes Environmentalism
Causes Global warming
Meaning
Gases trapped in the atmosphere
Causes to increase the temperature
Hurt humankind
Activist(A)
Getting warmer
because of fossil fuel
Sea will rise
Computer model - will get warmer
Bad for humankind
Should acts now
Skeptical(S)
Getting cooler
Just natural changes
Ice is not melting
Models - cannot explain it
Easier to grow crops
Need to learn more
Conflicts
Activist
Raise money
About harm gobal warming
Dominant the discussion
Conservative
Raise money
About the economic plan
Greenhouse gases cause
Pollution from automobiles
Solutions
The Clean Air Act of 1970
1975
90% less of two pollutants
hydrocarbons
carbon monoxide
1976
90% reduction of pollutant
nitrous oxides
1977
extended deadlines
6 years
1990
tougher standards but pushed back deadlines
proposed ways to get rid of smog
Los Angeles
20 years deadline
install device on exhaust pipes
Catalytic Converter
Restricted the amount of pollutants from automobile tailpipes
2004
reduce emissions from heavy-use diesel engines
Bush Administration approved
machinery
construction
agricultural
industrial
Less-polluting cars
Cars with Catalytic converter
Turn pollutant gas to harmless gass
Hybrid cars
Use both electricity and gasoline
expensive
could hurt to US automobile industry
Raise gasoline tax sharply
will discourage driving
reduce smog
conserve fuel
difficult to pursuade public
tax first, benefit later
not meaningful
Higher tax in return for
more buses
reduction in the federal deficit
more highways
Problems
Emitted gas from car tailpipe is damaging air
Destroy Ozone layer
Global warming
Lots of pollutants
Majoritarian Politics
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
Passed in 1969
EIS be written before any federal agency takes an action that will significantly affect to the human
EIS (environmental impact statement)
required statement rather than action
Used by opponents of government-sponsored projects
To delay, block, or change the project
environmental activists challenged
Highways
Office buildings
Bridges
Dams
Alaska plants
induces the agency
to think through what it is doing
gives critics a chance to examine
often negotiate the content of those plans
peoples think
gaining significant benefit
not paying high price
Pro-environment law
Problem
Cost & Benefits
people scared of environmental things
government puts funds towards actual problems
gov. tries to keep policies aimed at real risks
Goals
realized getting rid of all pollutants was unrealistic
asked for extension in deadlines
revision of laws
cost to improve air & water quality --> out of control
Devised Incentives
pollution allowance/banks
company reduces pollution emission more than law requires
sell to other company as offset
can use excess to cover future plant expansion
offsets
company wants to buy area with polluted air
pollution it creates is offset by reduction in pollution
new company must buy existing company
company closes
bubble standard
bubble is total amount of air pollution from factory
company decides sources are lowered to meet bbl. standard
dramatic discoveries overshadow other more important problem
The Environmental Uncertainties
American Context
Environmental policy (USA)
adversial than other european nations
Improve air
water quality
require expensive technology
Industrialized
Try to protect the environment
Sweden
England
Environmental policy (England)
Designed to reduce air pollution
Government
Business
Plenty of Deal
Depends Heavily on the states
Federal government
Decree the radioactive waste
Dispose of waste
Decided in 1982
Federalism
Cities and states fight
The separation of powers
England
Environment laws and regulation
Since 1963
Explain
How environmental policy made?
Entrepreneurial politics
Benefit from rules
Majoritarian Politics
Hope to benefit
Interest group politics
Acid rain
Client politics
At work
Park Jisoo
Sue-Vin Lee
Sungwon Choi
DaeHyeon Han