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Spain: dictatorship and democracy
The dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
In 1923, General Miguel Primo de Rivera led a military coup and established a right- wing dictatorship
He claimed that only a dictatorship could put an end to the problems which had emerged during the reign of Alfonso XIII
Alfonso XIII accepted the dictatorship and Primo de Rivera was named president of the government
The dictatorship was supported by almost all of the social sectors
The church
The army
Business owners
The socialist trade unions hoped Primo de Rivera would introduce social and labour reforms
Domestic policy
The Patriotic Union became the official party of the dictatorship
objective was to re-establish order by eradicating terrorism, nationalism and suppressing demonstrations
Foreign policy
The dictatorship won a definitive victory in the war in Morocco
After the success of the landing of Spanish troops at Alhucemas in 1925
The economy
A plan was implemented to build large public works
Helped create employment
State monopolies were also set up
From 1928 onwards, Primo de Rivera's dictatorship faced growing opposition
The Second Spanish Republic
In April 1931, the constitutional monarchy of Alfonso XIII was restored and municipal elections were held
On 14 April 1931, the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed
The Second Republic is divided into three periods
The left-wing or reformist biennium, the centre-right biennium and the Popular Front
The left-wing or reformist biennium
Niceto Alcalá Zamora was named president of the Republic
Manuel Azaña became head of the government
One of the first measures they carried out was to write a new Constitution (1931)
A number of significant reforms were made during these years
Agricultural reform
Large agricultural estates were expropriated and the land was divided among landless peasants who became small landowners
The landowners opposed this policy and its slow implementation generated discontent among the rural working class
Labour reforms
The Law of Labour Contracts forced business owners to negotiate working conditions with the trade unions
In order to avoid strikes
The eight-hour working day was established and a minimum wage and paid holidays
Military reforms
The Azaña law reduced the excessive number of army officers
Prioritised promotion based on academic qualifications rather than military achievements
The aim of this law was to reduce the political power of the army and to modernise it
Educational reforms
A secular, mixed gender, compulsory free education system was established
Pedagogical missions were created
With the aim of taking culture to rural areas
The church, felt that this reform was an attack on Catholicism
Territorial reforms
Cataluña was given a statute of autonomy and the process of autonomy was begun for País Vasco and Galicia.
These measures were considered to be an attack on the integrity of Spanish territory by right-wing politicians
The reforms caused discontent in extreme right-wing political groups and provoked an attempted military coup in 1932
Which failed
The centre-right biennium
Elections were held and the centre-right parties won, establishing a conservative government
The president of the Republic, Niceto Alcalá Zamora, named Alejandro Lerroux as the new head of government
With the support of the Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas
He suspended the reforms made by the previous government
The PSOE and the PCE, with the main trade unions, organised a general strike in October 1934
In protest against the suspension of the previous government's reforms
Known as the October Revolution
It failed all across Spain, apart from in Asturias and Cataluña
In Asturias
It was a social revolution
The miners took control of the coalfields and proclaimed a revolutionary government
In Cataluña
It was a political revolution
The president of the autonomous community, Lluis Companys, proclaimed a Catalan state
The Popular Front
Left-wing parties formed a coalition called the Popular Front and won the elections in February 1936
Manuel Azaña became the president of the Republic
Casares Quiroga became head of the government
The Spanish Civil War
The civil war was a military conflict which took place between 1936 and 1939
The result of the war was that the government of the Republic was replaced with a dictatorship
Led by General Francisco Franco
Reasons for the outbreak of the war
On 17 July 1936, the most conservative and anti-republican section of the army rebelled in Morocco
Against the government of the Republic
On 18 July, the rebellion, led by Emilio Mola, José Sanjurjo and Francisco Franco
Spread to the peninsula
The aims of the rebellion were
To end public disorder caused by extreme right-wing and left-wing militants
To end left-wing government reforms
To end the Republic and re-establish the political and social order that had been in place previously
Characteristics of the two zones
the Republican zone
Authority was split between the central government
The Nationalist zone
Was under the control of General Francisco Franco, who imposed an authoritarian regime
The development of the war
During the conflict, the fronts moved according to military objectives
Northern campaign
The next objective for Franco was to take Asturias, Cantabria and País Vasco, which had received its statute of autonomy in 1936
Battle of the Ebro
The Republicans began the battle of the Ebro in order to stop the Nationalist advance towards Cataluña
March to Madrid
The Nationalists, led by General Franco, tried to occupy Madrid, the seat of the Republican government
They were defeated in the battles of Jarama and Guadalajara
The end of the war
In March, the Nationalist army took Madrid and on 1 April 1939, the war ended
The consequences of the civil war
Economic
Economic losses were high due to the destruction of infrastructure, transport systems, industrial areas and houses
Demographic
Half a million Spanish people died during the civil war, reducing the population drastically
Political
An authoritarian regime was set up, that did not want reconciliation with the Republicans, but their annihilation
Cultural
Ideological repression was implemented through education and culture
