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PSYCHOPATHOLOGY - Coggle Diagram
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
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Treatments of OCD
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used for OCd and depression, increases the nuertrasnmitter serotonin as low levels of this neurotransmitter are implicated with the worry circuit. serotonin is released into the synapse from pre-synaptic nerve to post-synaptic nerve, which targets receptor cells on the post synaptic nerve, afterwards it is reabsorbed into presynaptic neutron reabsorption is inhibited, in order to increase levels of serotonin absorbed
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the first antidepressant used for OCD, it blocks the transporter mechanism that reabsorbs both seretonin and noradrenaline into the presynaptic cell, prolonging their activity, they have the advantage of targeting more then one neurotransmitter, however they do have greater side effects so are only used hen SSRIs don't work
anti anxiety drugs - benzodiazepines, are commonly used to reduce anxiety, they slow down the activity of the CNS by enhancing the activity of the neurotransmitter GABA which when released has a general quieting effect of many of the neutrons in the brain. it does this by reacting with special sites on the outside of receiving neurons,
A03 - effectiveness - randomised controlled trials to test the affects of drugs versus a placebo, SOOMORO= 17 studies using SSRIS , better affects on patients with OCD.
side effects - nausea, headaches and insomnia are common side effects of SSRIs, they are not serve but they are often enough to stop the patient from wanting to take the drug. Tricyclics have more severe side effects such as hallucinations, and irregular heartbeat, BZ = increased agressivnessand LTM impairement. ALSO additiction.
not a lasting cure - drugs only help with the symptoms and do not treat OCD all together, people relapse within a few weeks of medication being stopped - Mania
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treating phobias
systematic desensitisation = done over many sessions, firstly the therapist and patient will create a heirarchy of situations with the phobia for aranchnaphobics at the bottom may be a picture and at the top may be holding one after this heirarchy has been constructed the therapist will teach the patient relaxtation methods, these include slow and controlled breathing and progressive muscle relaxation. the two then together will go through the heirarchy whilst the patient pracistses the relaxation methods, they will move onto the next step of the heirarchy once the patient is completely calm within that step.
A03= not appropriate for all phobias e.g. fear of heights or dangerous animals, effectiveness AND McGareth found that up to 75% of patient had responded successfully to Sd to get rid of phobias
flooding = this is usually done in one long session and involves the patient learning the same relaxation techniques, these are put into practise when the patient comes into contact with the phobia in its worst state e.g. holding the spider, the patient must practise the relaxation techniques until they are completely calm
A03 = individual differences - flooding is not appropriate for all patients, it can be a highly traumatic procedure and may quit the treatment half way through, which reduces the effectiveness - Choy identified that flooding was more effective at treating phobias than SD