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Sustainable management of water :droplet: - Coggle Diagram
Sustainable management of water
:droplet:
Artificial recharge of aquifers
:hamburger:
May be abstracted during dry season
But recharge rate may be low in wet seasons
Infiltration capacity of surface rocks is exceeded
Surplus runoff flows to the sea via rivers
Supply can be maintained by using surplus
During periods of high rainfall
Rainwater is pumped underground or diverted into lagoons
Infiltrates the ground slowly
River-regulation reservoirs
:scales:
Human activities increase extremes in river flow
Deforestation/Urbanisation
(Within the river catchment area)
Reservoirs can regulate extremes
Periods of low rainfall
Maintain levels
Open the dam to allow more water into the river
Periods of heavy rainfall
Used to store surplus
Interbasin Transfers
:juggling::skin-tone-2:
Canal and Pipe systems
Transfer water from areas of surplus to areas with water shortage
Used in many areas:
China
Russia
Australia
Wales to England
Unexploited aquifers
:no_entry:
Newly discovered aquifers may increase water supplies
Areas like North Africa/North Kenya
Afforestation
:evergreen_tree:
Help reduce soil erosion
Reduce the rat of flow of rainwater into rivers
Reduces fluctuations in river levels
Help reduce flooding after heavy rain
Maintains river level during periods of low rainfall
Water conservation
:fountain:
Low volume use
:ok_hand::skin-tone-2:
Low water appliances
:shower:
Washing machines
Dishwashers
Dual flush toilets
Tap timers
Low flow shower heads
Xeriscaping
:palm_tree:
Management of:
Gardens
Parks
Urban spaces
Roadside verges
roundabouts
Planting species that are adapted to dry conditions
Less water is needed
Low volume irrigation
:male-farmer:
Drip irrigation
Delivers water directly to plants
Lower evaporation losses than over head sprays
Reduce the volume of water used for tasks
Recycling used water
:recycle:
Grey water
:grey_exclamation:
Retaining water that has been used but is still quite clean
Re used for other purposes
Water used for baths/showers can be used to flush toilets or for garden uses
Pollution control
:wastebasket:
Many activities produce contaminated water which cannot be reused
May pollute other sources
Rivers
Many effluent treatment processes can be used to treat contaminated water
Control: :movie_camera:
Oil pollution
Sewage treatment
Acid mine drainage
Control of heavy metal waste
Landfill leachate treatment
Buffer strips next to rivers to reduce fertiliser runoff
Reduce wastage
:do_not_litter:
UK water infrastructure:
Old
Poor condition
About 20% of the water intended for the public is lost
Leaking pipes
Leaking appliances also loses alot of water
Dripping taps
Fixed water fee:
Doesn't encourage conservation
Water meters:
Match the charges to usage
Consumers pay for the volume they use
Less water = reduced bill
Water is a renewable resource but the available volume depends on how its exploited
Water Treatment
Water abstracted may not be suitable for consumers
Quality problem may be natural or may be caused by human activities
Treatment depends on quality of abstracted water and quality required for intended use
Water use
Potable water for public supply
:speaking_head_in_silhouette:
No pathogenic organisms
Toxins at acceptable levels
Water that looks, smells, tastes good
Public health risks
Consumer complaints
Spray irrigation
:wilted_flower:
Low turbidity
Low levels of toxins that may be absorbed by crops
Heavy metals
Blockage of water pipes
Contamination of food
Textile washing with soap
:shirt:
Soft water
Low calcium ion concentration
Scum forms on textiles
Power station condenser cooling water
:explode:
No gross solids
Pipe blockage
Industrial boiler water
:chains:
No dissolved minerals
Mineral deposits would build up, reducing heat exchange and blocking pipes
(Processes on alternate mindmap)