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Spain: dictatorship and democracy, image - Coggle Diagram
Spain: dictatorship and democracy
THE DICTATORSHIP OF PRIMO DE RIVERA
general Miguel Primo de Rivera led a military coup and established a right- wing dictatorship
alfonso XIII accepted the dictatorship and Primo de Rivera was named president of the government
from 1928 onwards
Primo de Rivera's dictatorship faced growing opposition
Political parties opposed him because they wanted to restore a parliamentary system
The situation was made worse by the economic crisis of 1929
Finally
the king withdrew his support for the dictator
Primo de Rivera resigned and a constitutional monarchy was restored
Domestic policy
ts objective was to re-establish order by eradicating
terrorism
nationalism
suppressing demonstrations
the Patriotic Union became the official party of the dictatorship
Foreign policy
the dictatorship won a definitive victory in the war in Morocco after the success of the landing of Spanish troops at Alhucemas
for the first time in history
navy
staged a coordinated attack
ground troops
air force
The economy
a plan was implemented to build large public works
these works helped create employment
state monopolies were also set up,
THE SECOND SPANISH REPUBLIC
the constitutional monarchy of Alfonso XIII was restored and municipal elections were held
in April 1931
the Republican-Socialist coalition won and Alfonso XIII went into exile in the cities
the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed
on 14 April 1931
the left-wing or reformist biennium
between 1931–1933
the government was made up of republicans from various political parties
Manuel Azaña became head of the government
Niceto Alcalá Zamora was named president of the Republic
new Constitution
in 1931
ne of the first measures they carried out was to write it
it was one of the most progressive constitutions in Europe in terms of the extensive citizens rights it contained
reforms
Agricultural reform
large agricultural estates were expropriated
the land was divided among landless peasants who became small landowners
the landowners opposed this policy and its slow implementation generated
discontent among the rural working class
Labour reforms
the Law of Labour Contracts forced business owners to negotiate working conditions with the trade unions
in order to avoid strikes
the eight-hour working day was established
minimum wage
paid holidays
owners were opposed
Military reforms
the Azaña law reduced the excessive number of army officers and prioritised promotion based on
academic qualifications rather than military achievements
the aim
was to reduce the political power of the army and to modernise it
Educational reforms
a
mixed gender
was established
compulsory free education system
secular
pedagogical missions were created
the aim
was taking culture to rural areas
Territorial reforms
Cataluña was given a statute of autonomy and the process of autonomy was begun for País Vasco and Galicia
those measures were considered to be an attack on the integrity of Spanish territory
by right wing politicians
the centre-right biennium
between 1933–1936
elections were held and the centre-right parties won
establishing a conservative government
the reforms made by the previous government were suspended
the PSOE and the PCE
organised a general strike
in October 1934
in protest against the suspension of the previous government's reforms
it failed in all Spain unless
in Asturias
it was a social revolution
the miners took control of the coalfields and proclaimed a revolutionary government
in Cataluña
it was a political revolution
the president of the autonomous community proclaimed a Catalan state
the revolution was brought to an end when the army intervened
political tension and social discontent
caused by the military repression of the working class
forced the government to hold new elections
The Popular Front
in 1936
left-wing parties formed a coalition called the Popular Front and won the elections
in February 1936
the agricultural reforms were resumed
with new expropriations and the statute of autonomy of Cataluña was re-established
he government reforms provoked protests and violent clashes between
extreme right-wing militants
extreme left-wing groups
the radical left-wing groups resorted to strikes and occupation of land
THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR
the civil war was a military conflict which took place between 1936 and 1939
the result of the war was that the government of the Republic was replaced with a dictatorship led by General Francisco Franco.
Reasons for the outbreak of the war
the rebellion spread to the peninsula
the aims
to end left-wing government reforms
the church was opposed to the secularisation of education
to end the Republic and re-establish the political and social order that had been in place previously
to end public disorder
caused by extreme right-wing and left-wing militants
there was also fear of a working class revolution in Spain which would establish a communist regime
the most conservative and anti-republican section of the army rebelled in Morocco against the government of the Republic
on 17 July 1936
The development of the war
the fronts moved according to military objectives
March to Madrid
the Nationalists tried to occupy Madrid, the seat of the Republican government
they were defeated in the battles of Jarama and Guadalajara
Northern campaign
the next objective for Franco was to take
Cantabria
this was the mining and industrial area of Spain
País Vasco
Asturias
Guernica was bombed in 1937 by the Condor Legion
Battle of the Ebro
the Republicans began the battle of the Ebro in order to stop the Nationalist advance towards Cataluña
Franco won the battle and in 1939 he entered Barcelona
The end of the war
in March, the Nationalist army took Madrid
on 1 April 1939, the war ended
The consequences of the civil war
Political
an authoritarian regime was set up
it did not want reconciliation with the Republicans
Economic
economic losses were high due to
the destruction of infrastructure
transport systems
industrial areas
houses
agricultural and industrial production fell by 25% and many people were living in extreme poverty
Demographic
half a million Spanish people died during the civil war
half a million republicans were exiled to Latin America and France
Cultural
ideological repression was implemented through education and culture
many teachers were dismissed or even executed
intellectuals were assassinated or exiled
