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Authoritarianism and totalitarianism, image, image, image - Coggle Diagram
Authoritarianism and totalitarianism
Authoritarian and totalitarian regimes
Authoritarian dictatorships came to power
In Germany, Italy and the USSR
Power was concentrated in the hands of a supreme leader and one ruling political party
In some cases, these evolved into totalitarian regimes
Various factors contributed to the rise of authoritarian and totalitarian regimes
The war had aroused nationalist feeling
This was reinforced by the economic crisis of 1929 and the implementation of protectionist policies
The power of the state increased with state intervention in economy and society during the crisis of 1929
This had never happened before in the previous liberal democratic system
The First World War had established habits of military organisation such as a chain of command and comradeship
Many soldiers found it difficult to adapt to civilian life after they returned from the war
New parties were formed that represented the working masses, who were discontented due to unemployment, low wages and land distribution
Shared some common characteristics
Politics
The government was an authoritarian dictatorship
It was therefore an anti-democratic government in which there were no political parties, trade unions or free elections
Foreign policy
These regimes pursued an expansionist foreign policy to gain new territories and new markets and raw materials
Society
Almost all the classes of society supported the regime
They were controlled and informed by the state
They believed that this system provided a solution to their problems
Economy
The state intervened in and controlled the economy
Companies were nationalised
Methods used by authoritarian and totalitarian regimes to safeguard their power
Propaganda
Culture
A policy of repression
Violence
Stalinism
Was the system of totalitarian government which was established in the USSR
After Lenin's death in 1924, he eliminated all possible political rivals and took control of the CPSU
Stalin's government had the following characteristic
All political power was held by Stalin
He set up a system in which the party leaders ran the country
Approved the Constitution of 1936, which granted citizens' rights such as universal suffrage
Maintained the CPSU as the only political party and used propaganda and repression to impose his dictatorship
Tried to spread communism across Europe through the Komintern
The economy was planned and controlled by the state
Stalin introduced a series of five-year plans
Collectivisation of land by expropriation of property by force and forced obligation of the workers to cultivate the land collectively
In a Sovkhoz the land was owned by the state and the workers were paid a wage
Nationalisation of existing industries and investment in and creation of heavy industry
The construction of hydraulic works to increase the production of electricity needed to supply industry
Stalin aimed to establish social equality
Guaranteeing healthcare, education and housing for all citizens
Italian Fascism
Fascism was the system of authoritarian government established by Benito Mussolini in Italy
When he became head of the government in 1922
The constitutional monarchy of Victor Emmanuel III was badly affected by the post-war economic crisis
The situation led to the creation of the Fasci
Volunteer militias, who with the support of the business owners, helped maintain order in the streets
Benito Mussolini created the first Fasci combat groups (Blackshirts)
Mussolini formed the National Fascist Party
Although the monarchy was maintained, with Victor Emmanuel III as head of state
Mussolini, known as Il Duce, transformed the democratic state into a dictatorship with the following measures
Government intervention in the economy was established
An autarky was set up
Mussolini's social policies put an end to the unrest because he removed workers' rights
He indoctrinated the population through the education system
He increased the birth rate by offering subsidies to large families
In politics, in 1926, he transferred all power to himself
He was the leader of the only political party, head of the government and head of the army.
Nazy Germany
Nazism was the system of dictatorship established by Adolf Hitler in Germany
He was known as Führer
It was a totalitarian regime which replaced the Weimar Democratic Republic
Adolf Hitler became the leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party
Commonly known as the Nazi Party
After winning the elections in 1933, Hitler was named Chancellor and established a dictatorship
He adopted the following measures
In 1934, he was proclaimed head of state, and he established the Third Reich
The Nazi Party became the only legal political party
In foreign policy, Hitler began an expansionist policy to recover German territories lost in the First World War
There was great economic development
Unemployment fell due to a programme of public works and the development of the arms industry
He was extremely anti-Semitic and during the 1930s German Jews were persecuted by the regime
