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SPAIN: DICTATORSHIP AND DEMOCRACY
THE DICTATORSHIP OF PRIMO DE RIVERA
In 1923
General Miguel Primo de Rivera led a military coup
established a right- wing dictatorship
Alfonso XIII accepted it
supported by almost all of the social sectors
business owners
the church and the army
socialist trade unions
hoped he would introduce social and labour reforms
Domestic policy
Patriotic Union became the official party
Its objective --> to re-establish order by eradicating
nationalism
terrorism
suppressing demonstrations
Foreign policy
won a definitive victory in the war in Morocco
the victory increased the dictatorship's prestige
The economy
a plan was implemented
to build large public works
hydroelectric power stations, reservoirs, canals, roads, ports, railways...
State monopolies were set up
Compañía Telefónica (1924)
petrol distribution company CAMPSA (1927)
1928 onwards
Rivera's dictatorship faced opposition from
the army
political parties
wanted to restore a parliamentary system
January 1930
Primo de Rivera resigned
a constitutional monarchy was restored
THE SECOND SPANISH REPUBLIC
In April 1931
constitutional monarchy of Alfonso XIII was restored
municipal elections
Republican-Socialist coalition won
Alfonso XIII went into exile
On 14 April 1931
the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed
divided into three periods
The centre-right biennium (1933–1936)
a conservative government
Alejandro Lerroux the new head of government
he suspended the reforms
supported by the Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas (CEDA)
a general strike in October 1934
by PSOE and the PCE, with the main trade unions
against the suspension
= October Revolution
It failed except in
Cataluña
a political revolution
Lluis Companys proclaimed a Catalan state
Asturias
a social revolution
miners proclaimed a revolutionary government
The Popular Front (1936)
Left-wing parties formed a coalition
the Popular Front
won the elections in February 1936
Manuel Azaña became the president of the Republic
Casares Quiroga became head of the government
reforms provoked protests and violent clashes
between
extreme right-wing militants (Falangists)
extreme left-wing groups (anarchists and communists)
The left-wing = reformist biennium (1931–1933)
Niceto Alcalá Zamora named president of the Republic
Manuel Azaña head of the government
wrote a new Constitution (1931)
the most progressive one
reforms
Agricultural reform
land was divided among landless peasants
rural working class occupied land in Andalucía to protest
Labour reforms
Law of Labour Contracts
forced business owners to negotiate
with the trade unions
working conditions
to avoid strikes
eight-hour working day
a minimum wage
paid holidays
Military reforms
Azaña law
prioritised promotion based on academic qualifications
reduced the excessive number of army officers
Educational reforms
a secular, mixed gender, compulsory free education system
The church felt that was an attack on Catholicism
Territorial reforms
Cataluña was given a statute of autonomy
process of autonomy was begun for País Vasco and Galicia
provoked an attempted military coup in 1932--> which failed
many strikes and confrontations
In 1933 in Casas Viejas, Cádiz
peasants were killed by security forces
Manuel Azaña resigned
THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR
a military conflict
1936 - 1939
epublic was replaced with a dictatorship
led by General Francisco Franco
Reasons for the outbreak of the war
On 17 July 1936
conservative and anti-republican section of the army
rebelled in Morocco
against the government
On 18 July
led by Emilio Mola, José Sanjurjo and Francisco Franco
the rebellion spread to the peninsula
aims of the rebellion
to re-establish the political and social order
to end left-wing government reforms
to end public disorder
fear of a working class revolution
The development of the war
March to Madrid
they were defeated in the battles of Jarama and Guadalajara
Northern campaign
Guernica was bombed in 1937 by the Condor Legion
Battle of the Ebro
to stop the Nationalist advance towards Cataluña
Franco won --> in 1939 he entered Barcelona
The end of the war
Nationalist army took Madrid and on 1 April 1939 ended
The consequences
Demographic
half a million Spanish people died
Another half a million republicans were exiled
Cultural
ideological repression was implemented
through education and culture
intellectuals were
exiled (Antonio Machado, Buñuel and Alberti)
assassinated (García Lorca)
Economic
Agricultural and industrial production fell by 25%
many people were living in extreme poverty
Political
an authoritarian regime was set up
