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economic development 1855-1964 - Coggle Diagram
economic development 1855-1964
Alexander II
industry
Reutern- minister of finance (1862-78) adopted approach that revolved around railway construction, attracting foreign technical expertise and as a result modernisation occurred both within the staple and the newer industries
Welshman JJ Hughes who transformed iron and steel production in Ekaterinoslav from 1871. by 1884 his company the NEW RUSSIAN COAL,IRON AND RAILMAKING INDUSTRY were the largest producer of coal in the empire
under Reutern railway track grew 7x from 1862-78
average 6% annual growth rate in railway under Reutern
Reutern secured foreign investment through government bonds, taxation and monopoly concessions
94% of railways privatised by 1880
agriculture
the emancipation of the serfs in 1861
Alex III and Nicholas II
industry under Alex III
by 1900 half of all steel production was run by Welshman JJ hughes
he also created new town Yuzovo with 32000 Welsh Russians
Bunge started the process that by 1911 69% was under state control
agriculture under Alex III
Peasant land bank created in 1883 allowed peasants to borrow money and buy land
industry under Nicholas II
Medele'ev tariff 1891 raised government revenues
the Witte reforms ( the great spurt) helped Russia's economic status massively
coal production x2 and iron and steel production x7
31000 miles of railway by 1901
in 1893 the industry had an income of 42 million roubles in 1897 this was almost 4x the amount at 161 million roubles
most investment went on heavy industry
rouble was put on the gold standard to give foreign investors confidence in Russia
agriculture under Nicholas II
Vyshnegradskii gained income by exporting more grain even when there was a domestic shortage lead to 1891 famine
lenin
industry
decree on workers control meant that workers' committees were given extras power to run its factories
the supreme economic council was used to manage the key industries that were nationalised by the Bolsheviks
over 30000 nationalised economic entities by 1920
the civil war of 1917-21 nullified any positive of state capitalism coal production fell from 29 million tonnes in 1913 to 8.9 million tonnes in 1921
militarisation of parts of labour to meet the needs of the war
NEP de nationalised small scale industries
agriculture
decree on land meant that peasants were given private land
forced requisitioning of agricultural produce during the war
NEP saw an end to grain requisitioning
Stalin
industry
5 year plans set targets in order for peasants to meet often were too high so workers lied about their output
agriculture
Collectivisation and De-Kulakisation from 1929 onwards
the Kolkhozy, the sovkhozy and the coming of motor tractor stations
MTS were responsible for loaning out tractors to peasants, distributing seed, collecting grain and deciding what farmers could keep for their own consumption
Khrushchev
industry
74000 miles of railway by 1956
focus on consumer goods and light industry such as chemicals
agriculture
virgin land campaign introduced in 1954 meaning new land could be farmed however due to poorly trained farmers and equipment and the quality of the land this was a failure