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PSYCH PAPER 1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Guiton et al. (1966) birds imprinting on rubber gloves did later prefer their own species. Imprinting on mating behaviour isn't as permanent as Lorenz suggested.
      - found the critical period for geese was 4-25hrs
    - - critical period for monkeys, 90 days
      - monkeys spent 23/24 hrs of day with towelling mother even when wire mother had food.
      - Howe (1988) Harlow's research has helped social workers to understand impacts of child abuse and neglect and how to prevent it. Also helpful for zoos.
  - - - Erica Burman, socially sensitive to working mothers
      - Kagan (1982) temperament hypothesis
      - Bailey et al. (2007), assessed 99 mothers and babies, also asked about own mothers. Poor relationship with own mother=poor relationship with baby
  - - - type B most common in Britain, 75%, least common in China (50%)
      - type A most common in Germany at 35%, least common in Japan (5%)
      - Type C most common in Israel, 30%, least common in Britain (3%)
      - 1,990 participants, 32 studies, 15 in America
      - more variation within countries (150%)
    - - found 3 types: type A, insecure-avoidant, 20-25% of toddlers, type B, secure, 60-75% of toddlers, type C, 3% of British toddlers
  - - - Hilda Lewis, replicated with sample of 500, in her study, early prolonged separation, didn't predict criminality
      - Levy (2003) showed that separating baby rats from their mother for as little as a day had a permanent effect on their social development
  - - - Rutter (2006), type D (disinhibited), infants are equally friendly and affectionate towards people they know well, and strangers they've just met.
  - - - Alan & Ann Clarke - probabilistic
      - Zimmerman (2000), little relationship between quality of infant and adolescent attachment
- - - - original study 65%
      - location: 47.5%
      - proximity
        
        holding hand on electric plate - 30%
        
        over phone - 20.5%
        
        teacher and learner in same room: 40%
        
        HOFLING (1966), 21 out of 22 nurses obeyed doctor over phone
      - uniform: 20%
        
        Bickman - litter, 38% obeyed security guard, 14% milkman, 19% jacket and tie
      - Sheridan and King, androcentrism, only 54% males shocked puppies to 450V, 100% of women shocked up to 450V
      - one dissenter - 65% dropped to 10%
      - Mandel (1998) 'obedience alibi', offensive to holocaust survivors to suggest Nazis were just victims of situational factors, e.g uniform
    - - Adorno (1950), F-scale
      - Christie and Jahoda, political bias on F-scale
      - Milgram and Elms (1966), those who obeyed more had more authoritarian personality
    - - Kilham and Mann (1974), 16% in Australia, Mantell, 85% in Germany, (to full 450V) different societies have different perceptions of authority, and cross-cultural research findings increase the validity of the explanation
    - - Rotter
    - - Blass and Schmitt (2001) when shown a film of Milgram's study, pps blamed the experimenter rather than the participant
  - - - Rotter (1982), previous experience
      - Holland (1967) repeated Milgram's study and found 37% of those with internal LoCs didn't continue to the highest shock level, whereas only 23% of those with external LoCs didn't continue
- - - - Szasz (1960) 'mental illness' used as a form of social control
  - - - Little Albert, CC to fear white rats
- - - - Jacobs (1887), digit span 9.3 items, span for letters 7.3 items
      - Miller (1956) things come in 7s, so 7 +/_ 2
        
        Cowan (2001) only 4 chunks