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Spain: dictatorship and democracy, image - Coggle Diagram
Spain: dictatorship and democracy
THE DICTATORSHIP OF PRIMO DE RIVERA
In 1923
General Miguel Primo de Rivera
led a military coup
established a right- wing dictatorship n
He claimed that
only a dictatorship
could put an end to the problems which had emerged during the reign of Alfonso XIII
Alfonso XIII
accepted the dictatorship
Primo de Rivera was named president of the government
was supported by all of the social sectors
business owners
the church
who believed it would restore order
the army
socialist trade unions
hoped Primo de Rivera would introduce social and labour reforms
Domestic policy
the Patriotic Union became the official party
Its objective was to
re-establish order by
eradicating terrorism
eradicating nationalism
suppressing demonstrations
Foreign policy
the dictatorship won a definitive victory
in the war in Morocco
after the success of
the landing of Spanish troops at Alhucemas in 1925
For the first time in history
navy
staged a coordinated attack
ground troops
air force
This victory increased the dictatorship's prestige
The economy
a plan was implemented
to build large public works
such as
reservoirs
canals
hydroelectric power stations
roads
ports
railways
this helped create employment
State monopolies were also set up
Compañía Telefónica
petrol distribution company CAMPSA
From 1928 onwards
Primo de Rivera's dictatorship
faced growing opposition
opposition from the army
because he decreed a new promotion system
based on merit rather than seniority
Political parties opposed him
because they wanted to restore a parliamentary system
The situation was made worse
by the economic crisis of 1929
which caused
unemployment
social unrest
in January 1930
the king withdrew his support for the dictator
Primo de Rivera resigned
a constitutional monarchy was restored
THE SECOND SPANISH REPUBLIC
In April 1931
the constitutional monarchy of Alfonso XIII
was restored
In the cities
the Republican-Socialist coalition
won and Alfonso XIII went into exile
the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed
The left-wing or reformist biennium
the government was made up of republicans
from various political parties
Niceto Alcalá Zamora
named president of the Republic
Manuel Azaña
became head of the government
One of the first measures
was to write a new Constitution
one of the most progressive constitutions in Europe
in terms of the extensive citizens' rights it contained
significant reforms
Territorial reforms
Cataluña was given a statute of autonomy
the process of autonomy was begun for País Vasco and Galicia
These measures were considered to be an attack
on the integrity of Spanish territory
by right-wing politicians
Military reforms
the Azaña law
reduced the excessive number of army officers
prioritised promotion based on academic qualifications
rather than military achievements
The aim
to reduce the political power of the army
to modernise the army
Many military leaders opposed
Agricultural reform
large agricultural estates were expropriated
the land was divided
among landless peasants
who became small landowners
The landowners
opposed this policy
its slow implementation
generated discontent among the rural working class
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Labour reforms
the Law of Labour Contracts
forced business owners to negotiate working conditions
with the trade unions
in order to avoid strikes
The eight-hour working day was established
Business owners were opposed to these reforms
a minimum wage and paid holidays were established
Educational reforms
a secular, mixed gender, compulsory free education system was established
Pedagogical missions were created
with the aim of taking culture to rural areas
The church
which until that time had provided
primary
secondary
education
felt that this reform was an attack on Catholicism
The reforms caused discontent
extreme right-wing political groups
provoked an attempted military coup
in 1932
which failed
The reforms were not accepted
by the most radical left-wing groups
there were many
strikes
confrontations
with security forces
In 1933
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The centre-right biennium
Elections were held
centre-right parties won
establishing a conservative government
The president of the Republic
named Alejandro Lerroux
the new head of government
Niceto Alcalá Zamora
With the support of
the Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas
he suspended the reforms made by the previous government
led by Gil Robles
The PSOE and the PCE
organised a general strike
in protest against the suspension of the previous government's reforms
in October 1934
known as the October Revolution
known as the October Revolution
apart from in Asturias and Cataluña
In Asturias
it was a social revolution
The miners took control of the coalfields
proclaimed a revolutionary government
In Cataluña
it was a political revolution
it was a political revolution
proclaimed a Catalan state
Lluis Companys
The revolution was brought to an end
The revolution was brought to an end
In Asturias
troops led by General Francisco Franco
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In Cataluña
the statute of autonomy was removed
political tension
political tension
caused by
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with the main trade unions
The Popular Front
Left-wing parties formed a coalition
called the Popular Front
which won the elections in February 1936
Manuel Azaña
became the president of the Republic
Casares Quiroga
became head of the government
The agricultural reforms were resumed
with new expropriations
the statute of autonomy of Cataluña was re-established
The government reforms
provoked
protests
violent clashes
between
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THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR
The civil war was a military conflict
which took place between 1936 and 1939
The result of the war
was that the government of the Republic
was replaced with a dictatorship
led by General Francisco Franco
Reasons for the outbreak of the war
On 17 July 1936
the most conservative and anti-republican section of the army
rebelled in Morocco
against the government of the Republic
On 18 July
the rebellion
led by
José Sanjurjo
Emilio Mola
Francisco Franco
spread to the peninsula
to end public disorder
caused by
extreme right-wing militants
extreme left-wing militants
There was also
fear of a working class revolution in Spain
which would establish a communist regime
to end left-wing government reforms
the church
was opposed to the secularisation of education
the landowners
were discontent with the expropriation of their lands
business owners
opposed the labour reforms
the army
were unhappy with their loss of political power
to end the Republic
and re-establish the political and social order
that had been in place previously
The development of the war
the fronts moved according to military objectives
March to Madrid
the Nationalists
tried to occupy Madrid
but they were defeated
in the battles of
Jarama
Guadalajara
the seat of the Republican government
led by General Franco
Northern campaign
the next objective for Franco
to take
Cantabria
which had received its statute of autonomy in 1936
the mining and industrial area of Spain
País Vasco
Asturias
Guernica was bombed
in 1937
by the Condor Legion
Battle of the Ebro
the Republicans began the battle
in order to stop the Nationalist advance towards Cataluña
Franco won the battle
in 1939
he entered Barcelona
The end of the war
in March
the Nationalist army took Madrid
on 1 April 1939
the war ended
The consequences of the civil war
Political
an authoritarian regime was set up
that did not want reconciliation with the Republicans
but their annihilation
Economic
economic losses were high
due to the destruction of
transport systems
industrial areas
infrastructure
houses
Agricultural and industrial production
fell by 25%
many people were living in extreme poverty
Demographic
half a million Spanish people died
reducing the population drastically
half a million republicans
were exiled to
Latin America
France
Cultural
ideological repression was implemented
through education and culture
Many teachers
were dismissed or even executed
intellectuals
were assassinated or exiled
Spain
went through a political evolution
during the 1920s and 1930s
A military dictatorship was followed
by a period of democracy
with the establishment of the Second Republic
A civil war brought
the triumph of a new dictatorship
the collapse of the democratic system
