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The effectiveness of contemporary approaches policing :green_cross:, :red…

- - - - This model believes that there is no restraint on how the police exercise control (excessive suspicion and groundless action)
        
        This is based on NYC policing where sting operations and other covert operations are done with few witnesses
        
        How does this apply to the UK,
        LINK to Spycops
      - Proactive police work
        States that arrests are 'symbolic tests of police authority'
        
        this form of policing is believed to shape the CJS