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Geography - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Marine erosion widens the cracks at the base of the headland. Over time , these cracks get bigger and begin to create caves. The cave then widens and deepens due to both marine erosion and subarea processes. Eventually , a large hole will form through the the sides of the headland. this forms an arch. The arch continues to widen until it is unstable and is unable to support itself. Eventually , the top falls on to itself though mass movement. This leaves a stack as the side of the arch becomes detached from the mainland. Continues marine erosion attacking te base cases the stack to become detached from the mainland.
    - - Marine erosion attaches the base of the cliff , creating a notch in the process. As the notch becomes deeper . Sub-areal weathering weakens the cliff and the cliff becomes unstable. As it is unstable , it falls under its own weight through mass movement. As this process is repeated , it leaves behind a platform of the unafflicted cliff base beneath the wave cut notch.
  - - - Destructive waves.
        
        Destructive waves are characterized by their weak swash and strong back swash. They are erosional meaning that they erode any rock or beach at the location.
      - Constructive waves.
        
        Constructive waves are characterized by a strong swash and weak backwash. they are also depositional , meaning they build beaches.
    - - The stregnth of the wind.
      - The fetch or the distance the wave has had to travel.
      - Water depth.
    - - Coastlines that are hit by constructive waves often form depositional landforms such as beaches.
      - Costliness that are hit by destructive waves often form erosional landforms such as rocky headlands , cliffs and caves.
  - - - A spit is a long and narrow strip of land which can be formed during deposition. Long sure drift occurs along the coast line but eventually , the waves will lose energy as they are in a sheltered area. Over time , it creates a spit. Some times , the prevailing wind will change direction , causing a hook to appear. Over time , the sheltered area behind the spit will begin to form a salt march.
    - - Sand bars form when a spit grows across the mouth of a bay. They cut the sea water form the bay , creating a lagoon.
    - - Sand dunes occurs when the prevailing winds blows sediment from the beach. An embryo dune is formed on the upper part pf a beach and sand starts to accumulate around a small obstacle's Following this , Sand accumulates and dunes begin to form. This called a yellow dune. At grey dunes . sand develops into soil and vegetation which grows and dies , this adds to the nutrient of the soil. A dune slack forms when water rises across the water r water is trapped between a dune during a storm. This allows for the growth of Halophytes. A mature dune form s as there is creature nutrient content in the soil , trees grow.
  - - - Hard engineering refers to the use of man made structures or artificial structures to reduce or halt erosion. They are often very effective at preventing erosion in the desired area , but are very costly and have a significant impact on the environment due to the use of concrete and other man made materials.
    - - Soft engineering refers to he use of natural materials to reduce erosion. They are easy to implement and actually complement the natural landscape as well as protect it from erosion.
    - - Manage retreat refers to the intentional erosion of land as the cost of hard engineering and soft engineering is becoming costly and harder to implement.
- - - - Distribution : Rain forests are found on around a belt on the equator of the earth. They are found in belt across central and south America , the eastern parts of central; Africa and in the south east parts of Asia.
    - - Factor 1 - climate
        
        A rain forest receives a lot of rainfall. It receives over 2000mm of rain per year. The average temperature in a rain forest environment is 27 degrees.
      - Factor 2 - Soil and nutrients.
        
        Tropical soil is very deep. It is often very nutrient poor as the rain water washes out or leaches the nutrient and minerals out of the soil. The soil is often very red colourd due to the rich iron found in it.
      - Factor 3 - Water recycling.
        
        Water is recycled in a tropical rain forest when the roots of a plant take up water from the ground and intercept rain as it falls. As the rain is heated , it forms clouds which then in turn rain down ; continuing the cycle again.
      - Factor 4 - Layers
        
        A rainforest posses layers. The upper layer is called the emergent is the top canopy. Following this , the next layer is called the canopy. Then the lower canopy and then the shrub and soil layer.
    - - Drip tip leaves
        
        Allows the water to run off which prevents decomposition and damage.
      - Buttress roots
        
        Stabolises the tree and incrreeses the surface area for gas exchange to aid water transport.
    - - Posetives
        
        Some economic positives are that it improves the transportation through the forest which makes it easier to access raw materials like timber. Following this , products can be sold as seen through the trans Amazonian highway. Additionally , logging paves ways for large scale farming which provide food. This is especially important as Brazil's population is rapidly growing.
      - Negatives
        
        Aproximatly 60% of the worlds ecosystems live in rainforests. By deforewsting , not only are we removing the habitat of the worlds species , but also reducing the biodiversity. This is bad as we arre losing genetic resources , potential medicine and technologies.
    - - Commercial farming,
        
        This type of deforestation refers to when farmers burn and destroy forest in order to grow crops. They do this until the soil has been exhausted and then move on to the next plot of land. In the Mato Grasso region between 1980 and 1990 , aproxiamlyt the size of France worth of forest was deforested with the rain forest losing at least 43%.
      - Logging
        
        This involves the cutting down of trees on a larger scale. The timber is used to build furniture and homes. Logging can either be selective , whereby only certain trees are cut down or not selective where loggers cut down all the available trees.
      - Road building
        
        The trees are often cleared to make way for roads. For example . the trans Amazonian highway allows the century to become more developed , thus leading to higher rates of development.
      - Mineral mining.
        
        The amazon is home to minerals like manganese and beryllium which can be sold for economic gain.
      - Hydro
        
        The Amazon river is the worlds longest river. Because of this , it also has the po0sibility of generating large amounts of hydro electric energy. This is more important as Brazils population is quickly increasing and so there is a need to supply.
    - - Sustainable use of rainforest
        
        Sustainable use of rainforest allows the current generation to make a living from the forest with out destroying the rain forest for future generations.
        
        Examples
        
        Selective logging.
        
        Selective logging is the process of only cutting down trees which are desirable and not in excess. This is important as loggers often go with high value wood such as mahogany. Selective logging takes a more sustainable approach because trees survive longer.
        
        International agreements. :
        
        There has also been international agreements on the use of tropical hardwood such as timber and mahogany. in 2006 , the tropical timber agreement was set up to promote the expansion and diversification of tropical trade timber which has been harvested legally.
        
        Ecotourism
        
        Ecotourism refers to the conservation , protection and preservation of tropical rain forest. This involves managing the human use of of natural resources in the tropical rain forests. This is done through the setting up of protected areas where WWF work with the Brazilian government in protecting 150 million acres.
        
        Ecotourism involves the education of visitors as well as the employment of local people.
        
        Debt reduction
        
        Debt reduction gives poorer countries who would have recklessly destroyed the rainforest to swap that for cash form wealthier countries.
  - - - Deserts info:
        
        A hot fesert is a part of the world that has high average temperatures but low levels of precipitation. These areas often expirience less than 250 milliliters of rainfall per year.
        
        The average temperature of a desert is usually 35 . However , temperatures can rise up to 50 in the day time and 0 at night time.
        
        Deserts can be found on every continent with the majority being formed around the tropics.
      - Formation of deserts
        
        Around the equator , the suns rays hit the earth directly , causing hot air to rise and moisture to form clouds hence the formation of rain forrests.. However , as the moisture gets further away form the equator , it begins to lose energy and less clouds are formed. This causes deserts to be formed at about 23.5 degrees north and south of the equator.
      - Desert plants and their adaptations.
        
        The extreme conditions mean that plants and animals have to adapt to survive. Some plants have taken on xerophytic adaptations which means that have no leaves which prevents water loss during photosynthesis , leaves with hair to shade the plant , waxy coating on the stem to reduce water loss . large root systems which help retain water and spines that disway animals from eating them.
      - Animals and their adaptations.
        
        Animals also have to survive in the desert environment. Camels have thick fur at the top for shade , large surface area to volume ratio to maximize heat loss , a large flat foot spread that spreads their weight and a fatty hump that provides energy in times of food shortages.
    - - Desertification refers to the process when fertile land becomes arid. The Sahel region is a region of semi arid land positioned between the Sahel desert and the grassland savannas of sub-Saharan Africa.
      - The Sahel region is characterized by low precipitation of only 100-300 mm per year. In the dry season , insufficient rainfall results in water scarcity , low crop production and the severer reduction in leaf coverage. This results in lower levels of biodiversity and food. In the rain season , the soil experiences leaching from intense rainfall.
      - The Sahel has one of the largest growing populations in the world , meaning that more food is needed top feet this population which contributes to over cultivation.
      - Around 80% of farmers suffer from degradation. To combat this , they have set up three tactics ; zai holes , majic stones and the great green wall.
    - - The western desert extend over 200,000 km square. it is located over the south west of the USA and west of the USA. The western desert comprises of the Sonoran desert , the Mojave desert and the chihuahua desert. It has a low population density.
      - Development opportunities in the western desert
        
        Energy - the western desert is home to a range of renewable and non renewable sources of energy. Some examples include the HEP from the hoover dam and the Sonoran solar power project which supplies power to more than 100,000 homes.
        
        Farming - for most of farming in the western desert , the Coachella valley grows most of the food. it uses extracted aquifers to grow crops such as peppers and grapes. It ends up supplying nearly half of the US' food.
        
        Mineral extraction - many raw materials are extracted form the ground in the western desert. This includes coal , rare elements and more. This provides the inhabitants of Bagdad and the inhabitants with a livelihood.
        
        Tourism - a significant amount of industry comes from the tourist. Las Vegas attracts over 31 million visitors per year. Along side this , national parks such as grand canyon attract many tourists which stimulates the local economy and increases the preservation efforts.
      - Development of challanges.
        
        Precipitation levels are very low in the western desert with only 55mm per year. Additionally , evaporation rates are high. To meet the high demand , the hoover dam was constructed to provide drinking water. However , as the us is a HIC , it can afford to import water form elsewhere.
        
        The western desert is inaccessible with only route 66 linking major urban areas. Additionally , the majority of the roads are unsurfaced. However , this is not that much of an issue as inflight is cheap in the western desert.
        
        Extreme temperatures can exceed 49 degrees in the western desert. This could be difficult for people , hence the use of swimming pools and white houses that reflect the sun.
  - - - Food webs are used to show the complex connections and interconnected relationships between organisms in a food web.
      - A food chain shows how producers and consumers interact within an ecosystem. Food chains usually depicted in a straight line beginning with a producer and ending with the last consumer on the chain. They can also include decomposers , which recycle the energy back into the producers.
    - - Consumers are organisms that receive their energy through consuming other organisms. This cans be though eating producers or though consuming living organs,
      - Primary consumers are organisms that eat from the producers whilst secondary consumers are organisms that eat from the primary consumers.
      - Plants are the primary producers as they convert energy from the sun into glucose though photosynthesis.
      - Decomposers break down the organic materials from dead plants and animals. When done , they release nutrients from organic materials into the soil. the nutrients are then absorbed by pants and grow. Some examples of decomposers are Fungiand bacteria.
      - An ecosystem consists of different organisms which produce and transfere energy through the system.